Big Time Toymaker V. Chou Essay Example for Free

Big Time Toymaker V. Chou Essay1. At what point, if ever, did the parties have a thin?I believe that there were two burns made in this scenario. The first one was the verbal recoil that sated that the stipulations of price and the fact that there needed to be a compose contract before distributing the product. The telecommunicate, since it was in writing can also count as a written contract both parties had knowledge that there would be some(a) sort of written discernment. Chou was in the right to presuppose that the email stating the key terms and agreements counts as a contract. 2. What facts may weigh in upgrade of or against Chou in terms of the parties objective intent to contract? The facts that Chou was in a verbal agreement with BTT will be useful in proving that they had a preliminary agreement pending a written one. The fact that an email was sent to him with all the key terms, price, time frames and obligations is also ministrant in proving that Chou had a v alid agreement with BTT. I believe that that email would count as a binding contract since both parties had a promise pending performances. This was a reciprocal assessment in which there was an offer by BTT and an acceptance by Chou.3. Does the fact that the parties were communicating by netmail have any impact on your analysis in Questions 1 and 2 (above)? In a way it does because when I think of an agreement I think of it as a written and signed agreement by both parties. However BTT did not specify in what kind of writing this contract needed to be. They did not specify if there was need to sign, notified or have witnesses for the contract. Email communication between two people describing the key terms of a contract and having both of them acknowledge the key terms to me serves a contract. While there was no signature, it had both parties names on it, it could be said that it was an E-signature. as well as we have to keep in mind that the terms were also discussed verbally p rior to the email being sent.4. What role does the statute of frauds play in this contract? I believe that this email communication meets the statute of frauds and the fact that it had the named of the people in business counts as a contract. There have been cases were the name at the end of an email counts as a signature, example Stevens v. Publicis, were the publicis won because the name of both parties were in the written emails. In this case both parties names atomic number 18 on the emails and that signaled both parties intent to do business.5. Could BTT avoid this contract under the doctrine of mistake? Explain. Would either party have any other defenses that would tolerate the contract to be avoided? I think that BTT might have a chance to void the contract under the doctrine of mistake because they can take that Chou misunderstood the fact that the emails meant that he was able to go ahead and distribute the product, making it a bi ding contract. However it was clear that the email stated the facts of the contract and BTT did not specify that Chou should in fact continue to draft the contract for both parties to sign. I think that BTT would have a hard time voiding the contract under the doctrine of mistake. I think that fact there was no specification to how the contract would be written leaves a lot of vague results. BTT should have been more specific in their emails saying that Chou should still have to draft a contract agreement and that the email was not enough for the contract. In this scenario BTT would have a chance at voiding the contract.6. Assuming, arguendo, that this e-mail does constitute an agreement, what consideration supports this agreement? The fact that BTT promised statistical distribution rights to Chou pending an agreement counts as consideration. In this case, something of value was put on the line by both parties, entering them into an agreement to exchange mutual performances. In this case there was also a value that we can determine, and that was $25,000 paid to Chou in exchange for exclusive negotiation rights. I think that consideration was present in this agreement, making a valid contract.At the end of the scenario, BTT states that it is not interested in distributing Chous new outline game, Strat. Assuming BTT and Chou have a contract, and BTT has breached the contract by not distributing the game, discuss what remedies might or might not apply. In this scenario the remedies that would apply would be, compensatory redress because in this case Chou suffered a loss of potential profits that he would have made by his new game. It would also repay him as if BTT had not breached the contract.I think that if he could not claim compensatory modify then he would also be able to claim consequential damages because it states that it compensates the non-breaching party for foreseeable indirect loses. It also states that it involves a unique circumstance beyond the contract. In this case the contract BTT made was taken over by someone else who at the end did not want to do business with Chou. Restitution and Liquidated damages do not applied to this because there was no below the belt enrichment by BTT due to the breach of contract. BTT and Chou did not agree to any damages ahead of time there fore liquidated damages does not apply.

Marketing Segmentation Essay Example for Free

Marketing Segmentation Essay1. Geographical segmentation The market is divided harmonise to geographic criteria like nation, state, religion, countries etc. Geographic data create accurate profile of specific. For eg in rainy season sells rainy clothes (like raincoat, umbrella etc) 2. demographic segmentation it divide to the market into groups check to variable in age, family, gender, size of family, income of the consumers etc 3. Psychographic segmentation It is a science which white plague in come apart understands altogether consumers according to their life style, personality, value and social-class. I am doing job in Bajaj partnership, after this company has monopolised in almost altogether playing field either in the field of manufacturing bikes or bulb, tube light-colored etc. Earlier, the customers were not fond of verities because there were not too many verities in the market and less competitions, but, in dedicate time a huge competition has been taken place that for survive in the market every companies should be update with their products, otherwise rival companies forget lead them.If we talk about the bike fashion we see that our youngsters like those bikes which must not be strong in pickup (60 km/h with few minutes) as well as good looking means it looks different from others, besides this, old agers want those bikes which run comfortably that they ride normally, to clutches this in their mind all companies like hero Honda release many bikes like Hero stunner, CBZ, Karizma for young generations. While, for old agers they released Slender, love life, CD dawn etc, in comparable pattern Yamaha release Yamaha R15 which cost is almost Rs. 15,000 in present time, but crack a good look which attract the customers.So, after much interrogation on these companies, Bajaj Company wants to release such bike series which is not only for young as well as senior dope use it, so this company manufacture lots of bikes Pulsar and discover ser ies for youngsters which not only good looking but also having that price which every customers can afford and easily buy the products and it also give good mileage than others companies bike, and from the point of chance senior, whose ages is 40 years and above, they release Platina with self start facilities which is blowzy in riding.By all these information I want to describe that Bajaj Company segmented it products in various categories according to customers demand thats why this company is going extremely good and successful in satisfied to consumers. If we talking about bulb, tube lights, this company manufactured the bulbs, CFLs, tube lights which not give perfect light but also take few electricity and go long times. Especially CFLs which cost are high but it contribute beyond one years and it takes less electricity and give light so much as a 40 watt tube light gives.There are many designs of CFLs has been released in the market which selling is more than bulbs and tube lights. So according to customers choice and willing Bajaj Company put down stylish CFLs in the market which attract consumers with its designs but also reduce the electric bill of customers and supplies good light over all houses. So like this the company segmented it electric accessories in various styles, according to customers willing and choice. Marketing Plan Marketing proposal is a merchandising strategy which involves marketing plans for a firms marketing activities.Marketing planning process is process of business planning in marketing plan all the firms keep an eye on all marketing activities as well as competitors and they also come to know the view of the customers about their products like they are satisfied with their products or not, if not, know the reason of disliking and what they want improve in the products etc, because satisfaction of consumers is very important, after all wholly marketing processes and successes are depend only upon customers.They are the im portant part of business. For e. g. if we talking about auto mobile all companies like Hero Honda, Yamaha, Bajaj etc, manufactured ordinary bikes( like Hero Honda released CD 100 later Splendour , Yamaha CX 100 and Bajaj released scooters and later Bajaj Boxer) but, there were some problems and deficiency took place in the bikes like the capacity of the engine was not good that was giving low mileage, pick up was ordinary and ordinary looks etc, after looking and analysing all problems of customers all companies manufactured those bikes which are giving good mileage, capacity of engine is very good and all are stylish as customers wanted.For e. g. - Bajaj released discover series, pulsar series, Hero Honda released Passion, Passion plus, CBZ, Karizma etc, Yamaha released Yamaha R15 (but it is too costly), TVS manufactured Apache etc. Beside these, all companies also release scooty for college going girls. Because they knew that all ladies cant ride the bikes thats why to keep in min d the facilities of girls they produced scooty which is very light with self start facilities, without gears.These products became very popular among the girls, not girls even boy also taking ride of the scooty many times. homogeneous this all companies conduct a SWOT (strengths, weakness, opportunities, threats) means they research on the behaviour, likes, dislikes, what are the deficiencies in the product, what else and what new their customers want in their products and what other companies provided to customers and do better than them.

The impact of change on the travel and tourism sector

The impact of change on the travel and tourism sectorAnalyze the impacts of issues and trends that drive change in the travel and tourism sectorDue to the current trends and issues causing change in the travel and tourism sector, the worryes have to accommodate to the changes and redesign their products and serve. Many changes brought by globalization, technology, world political changes, economics changes and people attitude towards tourism have reshaped the industry altogether. The impacts of these trends and changed can be described below in the context of a major tourism brands.Due to the ageing of the population tourism, businesses atomic number 18 bound to hire older workers. Young people are to a greater extent qualified and not willing to join the industry due to poor working(a) conditions. Older people are less quick and more demanding which will have impacts on remuneration rates and other be to maintain staff.Lifestyles of the people have changed and their attitude towards tourism services has changed a great deal. People are more demanding and more price conscious now. Firms must cut costs and their gain grounds in order to survive in a more competitive purlieu now.Technology have helped businesses cut down costs as it has enabled management to manage their resources efficiently and have reduced spare capacity. The increased use of telephone, 3G mobile and internet has helped consumers to access randomness regarding prices and value for money. This has resulted in a more intense aspiration. Hotels are responding to the situation by recruiting staff that have skills in education and communication technology.Outsourcing is a key phenomenon in the modern tourism industry. Different products esp. food is obtained from other producers and its hard to explain the origin of the food to consumers gain it puts an extra push on the costs involved.Globalization has not only benefited the tourism industry in terms of more revenue and clients but it has likewise been a sole reason for cheap skilled labor. Skilled labor from poorer regions can be attracted to the industry at relatively cheaper rates which would result in lower employment cost for hotels and catering industry. Globalization also provides this wonderful opportunity to exploit economies of scale. Globalization can rush homogenization in services which might not be good from the customers perspective but brand names do ensure higher product quality.Skills sally in the industry is adversely affecting the quality of services. Firms are in a position to charge prices of their own choice in such circumstances. nevertheless companies are finding a solution to the issue by providing on-job trainings or paying relegatesome wages to skillful workers and thus attracting more customers. withal the wage rates are mostly affected by the local economic and industrial condition and educational level of the locality as well.Hotel industry is greatly affected by the chang es in law as well over the last few years. There is a strong emphasis on working time regulations, minimum wage laws and other working conditions regulations. Laws banning smoking in state-supported places and restaurants etc. are also have impacts in the tourism business. Hotels are now seeking cost effective labor and are more into application of technology.Government and other regulatory government activity are set more and more pressure on catering firms now to take great care of hygiene and other food related issues. Greater sentiency among the consumers related to diet and health have forced the catering businesses and restaurants to reduce the use of sugar and salt in their food. Due to the increased number of corpulency cases, consumers are more conscious about the fats and calories rather than just taste. Customers want to know about the origin of the food as well. There is increased food labeling and more information is provided and displayed for the customers regardi ng the food and its ingredients. There is a great demand for food to be produced in a socially responsible way and this is dowery in promoting good practices in the industry.The tourism industry faced a serious setback after the incident of 9/11. The US war on terror and the Iraq war changed the entire industry all together. Many incident s of attacks on tourists, kidnapping for ransom and other political gains were witnessed which created a soul of insecurity among the tourists. Many countries and regions were declared unsafe for tourists. Apart from US, many other cities in Europe and UK were also the victims of terrorism. Madrid and the London bombing somehow created this knowledge among the tourists that EU member states were the targets of the terrorists. The impact of this is possible to be long term as it will take a long time to restore the sanction of the tourists. Due to this lack of confidence the tourism industry has lost a lot of business and there is a serious dec line in investment in this sector. Working conditions have deteriorated and level of employment is showing a downward trend.4.2 Discuss the in all probability consequences of businesses failing to respond to market changesMany contrary businesses are veneering many changes in the market. Such changes are economic, social, political and behavioral changes. Tourism industry is not an exception either. Over the last bracing of decades the tourism industry has seen a tremendous amount of change and companies are always advised to set to these changes. Appropriate strategy and planning can do work a company successful and make these changes as an opportunity rather than a threat. However, companies which are not being able to respond to these are likely to face many different failures and problems which are described below.Loss in Sales RevenuesCompanies which are unable to respond to changes in the market, they are most likely to lose customers and revenues. Due to increased com petition and market forces, tourism businesses are bound to charge a low price and earn little profit margin so any failure to adapt to market changes are most likely to cause losses financially.Technology can save a great deal in this regard. Technology not only helps the industry to market their products but also helps in the reduction of labor costs. Different reckoner applications have made it possible to access and receive information and help in decision making process. A company is most likely to drop off a great deal if its unable to adapt to these technological changes.Loss of Competitive EdgeAs a famous saying goes competition improves services. Tourism industry is facing a strict competition and different businesses related to the industry are bound to cut down costs and still provide best quality services. By the becoming change management strategy, businesses can obtain competitive edge over other competitors. The proper use of technology, hiring the skilled labor an d other value added services can not only attract more customers but also be a cause of more market share. Failure to adapt to these trends and changes can be a reason of loss of competitive edge.Loss of GoodwillA business is most likely to damage its reputation in case of failure to adapt to changes and recent trends. A tourism business unable to provide treasured services to its customers at reasonable price is surely going to lose its customers. Recent trends have shown that customers are most into green products and the hotels and catering industry are affected by this change a great deal. Hotels are expected to operate in an environment friendly manner and promote green practices. However if the businesses are unable to adapt to this, they are going to lose face in this changing market.Regulatory IssuesHotels, restaurants and catering businesses are bound to provide information regarding its products due to increased aware(predicate)ness among customers regarding food and its contents. Products labeling esp. in case of the catering industry has changed a great deal due to this trend. On the other hand there are now more regulations and laws related to the food industry. Use of some chemicals and other ingredients in the food products are banned. Smoking in restaurants and public places is not allowed. Similarly food businesses are properly inspected and regulated now.If restaurants and catering businesses do not take into account all these factors they might be facing some serious regulatory actions in many cases. There are some cases recently where the customers have sued the hotels and restaurants for food related issues. Government regulatory authorities also keep a check on this industry so any negligence in this aspect can be a cause of some serious consequences as well.Growth IssuesA company will not be able to grow and expand its business if it is unable to adapt to changes and trends. Tourism businesses must hire human resource with good knowled ge of the technology and customers service needs. Use of the technology and skillful labor helps in harsh down costs. Companies in tourism industry must also work in an environment social friendly manner because consumers are more aware and conscious now regarding environmental and social issues. They prefer to go for green products and thus can provide a competitive edge to the business. Failure to adapt to these changes and trends will result in decline in the revenue and thus growth will not be possible.Referenceshttp//www.tourismandmore.com/tidbits/confronting-change-in-the-tourism-industry/http//www.tourismandmore.com/tidbits/why-tourism-industries-fail-part-1/

Management Information System Uses At Unilever Information Technology Essay

precaution discipline ashes Uses At Unilever tuition Technology EssayThe world is comfortably very small beca part of globalization. The virtual closeness of the countries has made the trade and commerce an international event. Global argumentes make every community more closely almostwhat the world. The discussion in this composition shall involve the strategic role and analyze the study requirements of an organization operating in a competitive global environment, finish making at separately of the managerial aims, the critical relationship between the Business strategies, Information System (IS) strategy and the Information Technology (IT) strategy in an organization and the latent respectable issues of jazzledge dodging of ruless. In this case, the situation surrounding Unilever will be taken into consideration. The following annotations and propositions discussed in this discussion argon back up by claims on journals, books and Unilever website.The modern techn ology is really helping those patronagees where is using a Management Information System in the various take aim of managerial approach. The chosen company is Unilever to describe in this report how Unilever is benefitting using Management Information System in various level of the company.The discussion in this report shall involve the strategic role and analyze the information requirements of an organization operating in a competitive global environment, decision making at each of the managerial levels, the critical relationship between the Business strategies, Information System (IS) strategy and the Information Technology (IT) strategy in an organization and the latent ethical issues of information systems.Table of ContentsExecutive Summary 2Table of Contents 3Background of the company 4Analyzing Mission Statement 4PESTEL outline of Unilever 4Political Factors 4Economical Factors 5Socio-Cultural Factors 5Technological Factors 5Environmental Factors 5Legislative Factors 5SWOT synopsis of Unilever 5Strength 6Weaknesses 6Opportunities 6Threats 7Recommended Information Systems 7Strategic Level 8Management Level 9 acquaintance Level 99 running(a) Level 9Ethical issues think in using Information System at Unilever 10 purpose 11References 12Background of the companyUnilever is a Dutch-British multinational company which acquired many consumers product brands in foods, ice-creams, beverages, cleaning agents and personal care products. Unilever got two headquarter star in Rotterdam, Netherlands and separate one in London, United Kingdom. The Unilever is a dual listed company which has same directors and runs effectively. The current non-executive chairman of Unilever is Michael Treschowand and Paul Polman is Group Chief Executive. The important Competitors for Unilever are Proctor Gamble, Nestle, DANONE, Reckitt Benckiser, Kraft Foods, S.C Johnson and sons and Henkel.Analyzing Mission StatementThe mission statement of Unilever UK represents two dimensions of their company, one is how Unilever products attached to the people every mean solar day life and the other partitioning is what Unilever wants to do in the nearest future. Everyday around the world, more than one hundred fifty million people in over 150 countries using Unilever products because people fuck they sens help themselves feel good look good and bear get more out of life, a few examples, Flora helps keep paddy wagon healthy, a cup of PG Tips refreshes, Magnum gives an indulging treat, Persil to clean familys clothes, Domestos keeps germs free, Sure helps unbeatable protection and hair wash with Sunsilk helps looks great also gives confidence to take on life. The company is committed to provide a healthy lifestyle, variety, taste, character reference products, enjoyment supporting increasingly precious commodity. The company is also committed to the vitality of the environment and the communities. The Unilever doing business in a responsible way has a positive be nefit also working in partnership with governments, international agencies (such as, UNICEF) and nongovernmental organizations (such as, WWF) to make a difference.PESTEL Analysis of UnileverPolitical FactorsUnilever operating their businesses in globalise environment around the world. Unilever now operates their business over 150 countries around the globe. The performance of Unilever is highly influenced by legislative and political conditions of individual serving countries. If consider the employment legislations, the rules is different for every countries there need to be followed a rules for providing a mix job prospect including flexible, lower paid locally based jobs, higher paid centrally located jobs etc. Also there has to be meet a contract from vast population categories like students, working parents and senior citizen, disabled people.Economical FactorsUnilever is concern about economic factors because this is related with demand, costs, prices and profits. thither is another most important factors of economy is high unemployment which is directly related with the demand of many products and adversely affected on that may products. Those kinds of economic factors terminate not be controlled by the UnileverSocio-Cultural FactorsThe consumers demand the type of goods and serve on the basis of consumers social condition, consequent attitude and beliefs. Now a day, the consumers are more aware of health related matters and the attitudes towards products are constantly changing.Technological FactorsTechnology is a macro-environmental variable which help the exposement of the Unilever products. The new technologies are beneficial for both companies and the customers customer satisfaction rises because products are readily available. Unilever uses latest technologies for example wireless devices, intelligent scale, radio frequency identification etc. The use of Electronic Point of Sale (EPoS), Electronic stock certificate Transfer systems (EFTPoS) and electronic scanners deport greatly improved the efficiency of distribution and stocking activities etc. (Finch 2004)Environmental FactorsThere are few issues threatening the producers and sellers have been environmental factors. In 2003, there was an increased pressure on many companies and managers to acknowledge their responsibilities to the order and act in a way which can help society (Lindgreen Hingley 2003). Unilever corporate social responsibility has to be concerned in this way where any organization exceeds minimum obligations to stakeholders specified through the regulation. (Johnson Scholes 2003)Legislative FactorsThere is the fairness of land and policies have a direct impact on the performance of Unilever. There is an enforceable Code of Practices have to be followed to set up outlaw many of current practices, for example, the payments from suppliers and changing agreed prices . (Mintel Report, 2004) The proponentful competitors established brands creates a threat of intense price wars and a strong requirements for product differentiation. The governments policies for monopoly controls and reduction of buyers power can limit entry to this sector such controls on license requirements and limits on admission charge to raw materials. (Mintel Report, 2004 Myers, 2004).SWOT Analysis of UnileverSuccessful businesses build on their intensitys, correct their weaknesses and protect against internal vulnerabilities and external threats. Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) analysis helps businesses to understand overall business environment and exploit new opportunities more faster than any other competitors.StrengthThe market place Share is increasing day by day because of playing a great profitable contribution the world economy.High reputations for quality products are a key strength.Unilever got excellent product safety in health, beauty and foods.Unilever is a global business which do business more than 150 countries around the world.There is a high performance of distribution where the suppliers are located around the UK.Competitive pricing is also a key strength in Unilever.Unilever uses latest technology which helps the company to introduce consumers good products.Unilever got experienced and qualified research and development team for product development.WeaknessesBrand image some time affect the common customer.High pricing for various products causes low earning customer to buy another companys less price products.Customer Relationship Management must be a qualified team as there have no retail shop company business always depends on sole distributors.Lack of market research in Unilever reduces total sales figure in a financial year.They do not have retail and online shop, it some time causes high pricing of products in the distributors retail shop.Depends on the distributors where some time does not take proper initiative to increase the sales.Opportunitiesincrease market share comparabl e to the competitors is really a good opportunity which can help company to increase the growth rate.Unilever can open retail shop which will help to approach direct consumer.Increasing brand value by providing good quality of products.Unilever can acquire more companys brands and services which can be a key step to increase the value in the market.Greater promotion of some products can get more customers to use their products.ThreatsAll successful businesses attract competition so the competitors would be a threat.International competitors may also intrude as Unilever expands.Every products can not be marketed every countries because of different race of people around the world.Natural disaster could damage many area of the business, for example, earthquake in Haiti and Chile.Recession causes way out of jobs where people less use of branded products, for example recent recession in USA, UK and Europe ca utilise a vast impact in world economy.Recommended Information SystemsThe foll owing cross-functional system concepts and how they can provide significant business value to Unilever will be discussed in this documentThe available level is for taking day to day decision. Transaction Processing System can help to take operation level decision like supermarket, Biometric device etc.The knowledge level of decision is takes for research, design and procurement. Knowledge Work System can help to take knowledge level decision.The tactical or managerial control level decision takes for 1 to 3 years, it is for resource allocation. Management Information System or Decision Support System can help to take the managerial level decision.The strategic level decision takes for 3 to 10 years, it is for long term. Executive Information System can help to take the strategic level decision.Figure 1Strategic LevelComplex Mathematical Model Unilever can use a Complex Mathematical Model for monitoring operations, costs, revenues, market shares, share prices etc. Unilever is catego rized as fast moving consumer goods, quick acquisition, processing of market information. The information of market is usually collect from research companies, historic data and individual analysis.Enterprise Data Warehouse and Business Intelligence Solution In order to gain a clear view of business performance across Unilevers companies in around the world.Unilever Information Program When transformation is taking place in the organisation, information systems are inevitably involved. Currently Unilever is reshaping operational responsibilities for greater clarity between what is better done by the local company, at regional level or global organisations. The Unilever Information Program (UIP) is to develop an infrastructure to support the Path to Growth strategy, with the key priority of finding a quick data integration solution to allow user access to any number of data sources for in-depth analysis.Management LevelSupply Management Information System Unilever can integrated a f ork over management information system which will helps local, regional and global supply managers make appropriate sourcing of decisions, allowing them to collate and analyze informations more quickly and easily. The system enables managers to negotiate with suppliers in a transparent and efficient way where benefiting both parties.Knowledge LevelProcurement System The procurement is inevitability for future supply chain optimisation the supply market, particularly in Europe is still suffering from under-development. The Procurement System can help total supply chain operation rather than rightful(prenominal) transactional activity. The Procurement System provides a catalyst for positive improvement in supply management profiles.Supply-Chain Management Systems The using of a variety information system and several other supply chain management technologies, Unilever can enhance the usability of the supply chain.Research Development System Used for formula developmentOperational Le velSpecifications System Specification System will help in packaging, formula, raw material, finished products and process specification.Manufacturing Planning System Manufacturing Planning System can help in production orders, purchase orders, standard costs, inventory, financial transactions, and production reporting.Planning System Planning system can help in pick out Planning (DP), Demand Requirement Planning (DRP), Constrained Product Planning (CPP), Finite Scheduling.Order and Cash System Order and Cash system can help in order entry management, terms of sale, deduction tracking, stock allocation and invoicing.Finished Goods Management System Finished good management system can be used for shipping, warehouse, transportation, production and traceability.Ethical issues related in using Information System at UnileverA new technology introduces some new ethical dilemmas. Computer technology is used for gathering, storing, manipulating data and spread the processed data which is information. Information system uses local and global networks, databases, programs for processing information. Information is a key to prosperity and it is a source of power also. This is very important to think about ethical considerations, how information will be used in an information system because there is social and political issues involved. There are severe social problems exist today because government and business organisations have failed to uphold the highest ethics standard in Management Information System use. These problems exist in such forms as invasion of privateness and software piracy. The most widely publicized classification of human rights in the computer area is Richard O. Masons PAPA. The letters in PAPA stand for Privacy, Accuracy, Property and comingibility. (McLeod and Schell, 2001)Privacy The right of privacy is threatened by two forces. One is increasing ability is of the computer to be used for surveillance and other one is the increasing value of in formation in decision making. Decision maker sometime invade someones privacy to get the information. Unilever need to do market research in need to know what type of products customers really need or what they use. There is a ethical issue concerned because of Data Protection Act, UK 1998.Accuracy The Management Information System is given credit for making possible a level of accuracy and which is not unachievable in manual system. Most of the time errors cost much(prenominal) greater.Property There is some intellectual property like computer programs. The software or the systems Unilever using are they copyrighted, agreed to use from the vendors.Access There are some information is available to the general public in the form of printed documents or microform of images stored in libraries which includes news stories, results of scientific experiments, government statistics and so on. Access right is required to access some other databases to get information. A right to access is a Modern-day ethical issue.ConclusionFinally it can be said that Unilever can make their market position stronger than before by using different information system at different level. precisely Unilever must have enough consideration in various sectors to use Management Information System.

Association of Lipid Profile in Pregnancy with Pre-eclampsia

Association of Lipid Profile in Pregnancy with Pre-eclampsiaAssociation of Lipid Profile in Pregnancy with Pre-eclampsia, gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Preterm deliveryBabita Ghodke*,1, Raghuram Puskuru2, Varshil Mehta3, Kunal Bhuta41Associate Professor, 2Senior resident, 3Intern, 4Junior ResidentDepartment of Medicine, MGM Medical College, Navi Mumbai, India.AbstractIntroduction During last two trimesters of maternity, glucose is sp atomic number 18d (for the foetus) small-arm the concentration of fatty acids in plasma increases which can create complications manage Preeclampsia, Gestational diabetes mellitus and preterm delivery.Aim To paper the association of blood serum lipide trains during abet and 3rd trimester with the development of pregnancy associated diseases like preeclampsia, GDM and preterm.Methods and Materials The present deal was carried out at MGM Hospital, Navi Mumbai, India. cc antenatal cases from October, 2012 to October 2014 were enrolled after ta king an informed consent. Statistical analyses were performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. All reported p-values argon two-tailed, and confidence intervals were calculated at the 95% level.Results In pre-eclamptic patients, the tight Systolic blood line Pressure was 151.40 mm/Hg and nasty diastolic blood mechanical press was 74.03 mm/Hg in third trimester. In pre-eclamptic patients, the fee-tail serum triglyceride levels in second trimester was 204.00 mg/dl while 243.20 md/dl in third trimester. In Gestational Diabetes Mellitus patients, the blind drunk serum triglyceride was 214.33 mg/dl in second trimester while 230.50 mg/dl in third trimester. In patients with preterm, the imply triglycerides levels 212.83 mg/dl and 240.16 mg/dl in second and third trimester respectively. In pre-eclamptic patients the humble serum cholesterol levels in second trimester was 210 mg/dl, while in third trimester, it was 243.60 mg/dl. In GDM patients, the m ean serum cholesterol was 223.50 mg/dl and 242.83 mg/dl in second and third trimester respectively. 213.33 mg/dl and 243.66 mg/dl were the means cholesterol levels in second and third trimester respectively in patients with preterm. Out of total 200 patients 168 had no complications, while 20 10% had preeclampsia, 6 3% had Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and 6 3% had preterm deliveries.ConclusionAn association in the midst of maternal early pregnancy triglyceridaemia, and the subsequent risk of preeclampsia, gestational diabetes and preterm deliveries was observe. Occurrence of Preeclampsia, Gestational Diabetes and Preterm deliveries cannot be predicted based on the values of Serum Cholesterol, HDL-Cholesterol, LDL-Cholesterol and very low density lipoprotein-Cholesterol. Hence estimation of lipid profile is strongly recommended during pregnancy to prevent pernicious final result of hyperlipidaemia associated with pregnancy.Keywords Lipid Profile, Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, P reterm, Preeclampsia, Pregnancy related disease.1. IntroductionPregnancy is a physiological process which causes profound changes in the body. It submits to an increase in demands for metabolic fuels and also causes alteration in hormonal levels which whitethorn cause few changes in lipid profile during pregnancy 1.During last two trimesters, glucose is spared (for the foetus) while the concentration of fatty acids in plasma increases which introduces to Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) and Gestational Hypertension (GHTN) respectively. Freinkel had described this process as accelerated starvation, and facilitated anabolism 2.GDM and GHTN can lead to peri and postpartum complications. Pregnancy is often also complicated with diseases which can hamper Cardio-Vascular System. GDM and GHTN are few of them which can develop type 2 diabetes and systemic hypertension in later part of life 3,4.In our previous study, we showed that total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol, VLDL -cholesterol increases in last two trimesters. The increase is even greater in third trimester, when compared to the second. However, HDL-Cholesterol levels are decreased in third trimester when compared to that of second. The study concluded that the estimation of lipid profile is highly recommended during pregnancy due to its association with high levels of triglycerides which may lead to Pre-eclampsia, GDM and preterm delivery 5.The present study is a continuation of our previous study and here, it evaluates the clinical significance of the lipid profile level in pregnancy and its effect on the development of pregnancy induced diseases like GDM, pre-eclampsia and preterm.2. AimTo study the association of serum lipid levels during second and third trimester with the development of pregnancy associated diseases like preeclampsia, GDM and preterm.3. Material, Methods, Ethics, Statistical Analysis, Inclusion and Exclusion CriteriaThe present study is a continuation of our previous st udy and the material, methods, ethics, inclusion and exclusion criteria could be obtained from our previous study 5. In brief, the present study was conducted at Mahatma Gandhi Mission Hospital, Navi Mumbai, India. A total of 200 pregnant local women were enrolled from October 2012 to 2014. Out of the 200 subjects, 10 developed GHTN in late third trimester which was detected after 32nd week during follow-up which were also included. The venous blood sample was collected from all subjects for measurement of lipid profile in the 16th week and 32nd week of gestation for analysis.All pregnant women with a singleton pregnancy with a gestational age of 13-28 weeks, regardless of parity and gravida were included. Pregnant women in whom hypertension (HTN) was detected before 14 weeks and those with diseases or complications like chronic HTN, Diabetes, Renal Disorders and Thyroid Disorders, Obstetric and Foetal Complications (Hydrops foetalis, inseparable foetal anomalies) were excluded.St atistical analyses were performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17.0. All reported P values are two-tailed, and confidence intervals were calculated at the 95% level. The data was presented using frequencies, percentages, descriptive statistics followed by charts and graphs. Level of significance was set at 5%. All p-values less than 0.05 were treated as solid.4. ResultsThe mean age of patients was 24.87 years with a SD of 2.7 years. The minimum age was 18 years and the maximum age was 30 years.4.1 Blood PressureThe mean Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) in second trimester was 117.03 mm/Hg with a SD of 10.33 mm/Hg. In third trimester, it was increased to 120.77 with a SD of 14.675.In pre-eclamptic patients, the mean SBP was 151.40 with a SD 6.05. (p =0.00) in third trimester. There was a highly significant statistical difference in the mean blood pressure values among rule and pre-eclamptic women in third trimester.The mean Diastolic Blood Pressure in o ur study in third trimester was 72.11 mm/Hg with a SD of 6.88 mm/Hg. In third trimester, the mean SBP was increased to 74.03 with a SD of 8.616. In pre-eclamptic patients the mean was 92.00 with a SD 2.59 (p =0.00). There was a highly significant statistical difference in the mean blood pressure values among ruler and pre-eclamptic women in third trimester. Out of total 200 patients 168 had no complications, while 20 had preeclampsia, 6 had GDM and 6 had preterm deliveries.4.2 Association of Triglycerides with Preeclampsia, GDM and PretermThe beneath tabularise (figure 1) indicates the 95% confidence interval for triglyceride levels for patients with outcomes of Preeclampsia, GDM and Preterm. The mean triglyceride level in second trimester was 188.68 mg/dl with a standard deviation of 20.88 mg/dl. In third trimester, the mean triglyceride (TG) level was increased to 216.78 mg/dl with a standard deviation of 20.09 mg/dl 5.In pre-eclamptic patients, the mean serum triglyceride leve ls in second trimester was 204.00 with a SD 18.904 (p =0.00), while in third trimester, the mean was 243.20 with a SD of 15.58 (p =0.00). There was significant statistical significance observed between serum triglyceride levels and pre-eclampsia in both second and third trimesters (figure 1). matterTrimesterMeanNSDSEM95 % CILower environUpper BoundPreeclampsiaSecond Trimester204.002018.904.23195.71212.29Third Trimester243.202015.583.48236.37250.03GDMSecond Trimester214.33618.647.61199.42229.25Third Trimester230.50617.036.95216.88244.12PretermSecond Trimester212.83611.994.90203.24222.43Third Trimester240.1767.733.16233.98246.35 send off 1. Association of Triglycerides with Preeclampsia, GDM and Preterm4.3 Association of Cholesterol with Preeclampsia, GDM and PretermThe below dishearten (figure 2) indicates the 95% confidence interval for cholesterol levels for patients with outcomes of Eclampsia, GDM and Preterm.In pre eclamptic patients the mean serum cholesterol levels in second trimester was 210.75 with a SD 24.248 (p =0.320), in third trimester, the mean was 243.60 with a SD of 25.84 (p =0.826). There was no statistical significance observed between serum cholesterol and pre-eclampsia in both second and third trimesters.Compared to the approach pattern value of 200mg/dl, cholesterol level is raised in normal pregnancy. In pre- eclamptic women cholesterol level is raised more than the values in normal pregnancy. egressTrimesterNMeanSDSEM95% CILower BoundUpper BoundPreeclampsia2nd Trimester20210.7524.255.42199.401222.103rd Trimester20243.6025.855.78231.50255.69GDM2nd Trimester6223.5025.1610.27197.09249.903rd Trimester6242.8327.1411.08214.35271.31Preterm2nd Trimester6213.3320.238.25192.10234.553rd Trimester6243.6627.20011.10215.12272.21 augur 2. Association of Cholesterol with Preeclampsia, GDM and Preterm4.4 Association of HDL Cholesterol with Preeclampsia, GDM and PretermThe below table (figure 3) indicates the 95% confidence interval for HDL cholesterol levels for patients with outcomes of Preeclampsia, GDM and Preterm.In third trimester, the mean serum HDL Cholesterol (HDL-C) level in normal patients was 42.78 with a SD of 4.31, in pre eclamptic patients the mean was 45.60 with a SD 4.12 Compared to the normal value of 40-60 mg/dl, HDL-Cholesterol level is within normal range in normal pregnancy. In pre-eclamptic women HDL-C level was higher than normal pregnancy but within normal range.In pre eclamptic patients the mean serum HDL Cholesterol levels in second trimester was 51.8 with a SD 5.8 (p =0.040), in third trimester, the mean was 45.60 with a SD of 4.1 (p =0.006). There was significant statistical significance observed between serum HDL -Cholesterol and pre-eclampsia in both second and third trimesters.OutcomeTrimesterNMeanSDSEM95% CILower BoundUpper BoundPreeclampsia2nd Trimester2051.805.841.3049.0654.533rd Trimester2045.604.12.9243.6747.52GDM2nd Trimester652.007.072.8844.5759.423rd Trimester641.167.272.9733.5248.80Prete rm2nd Trimester649.006.132.5042.5655.433rd Trimester645.504.031.6441.2649.73Figure 3. Association of HDL Cholesterol with Preeclampsia, GDM and Preterm4.5 Association of LDL Cholesterol with Preeclampsia, GDM and PretermThe below table (figure 4) indicates the 95% confidence interval for LDL cholesterol levels for patients with outcomes of Preeclampsia, GDM and Preterm.In third trimester, the mean serum LDL-Cholesterol level in normal patients was 137.80 with a SD of 13.67, in preeclamptic patients the mean was 137.80 with a SD 11.5. Compared to the normal value of 130 mg/dl 5, triglyceride level is raised in normal pregnancy. In preeclamptic women LDL-C level was same as in normal pregnancy (figure 4). In preeclamptic patients the mean serum LDL-C levels in second trimester was 92.7 with a SD 18.2 (p =0.943), in third trimester, the mean was 137.8 with a SD of 11.5 (p =0.996). There was no significant statistical significance observed between serum LDL-C levels and pre-eclampsia in both second and third trimesters.OutcomeTrimesterNMeanSDSEM95% CILower BoundUpper BoundPreeclampsia2nd Trimester2092.7018.224.0784.17101.233rd Trimester20137.8011.592.59132.37143.22GDM2nd Trimester696.8331.3912.8163.89129.773rd Trimester6150.169.884.03139.79160.54Preterm2nd Trimester684.506.122.5078.0790.923rd Trimester6127.8310.644.34116.66139.00Figure 4. Association of LDL Cholesterol with Preeclampsia, GDM and Preterm4.6 Association of VLDL Cholesterol with Eclampsia, GDM and PretermThe below table (figure 5) indicates the 95% confidence interval for VLDL cholesterol levels for patients with outcomes of Eclampsia, GDM and Preterm.In third trimester, the mean serum VLDL-Cholesterol (VLDL-C) level in normal patients was 35.88 with a SD of 6.5, in pre eclamptic patients the mean was 39.7 with a SD 7.1. Compared to the normal value of 35 mg/dl 5, VLDL-C level is raised in normal pregnancy. In pre- eclamptic women VLDL-C level was increased more than that in normal pregnancy.In p re eclamptic patients the mean serum VLDL-C levels in second trimester was 30.9 with a SD 7.9 (p =0.93), in third trimester, the mean was 39.7 with a SD of 7.1 (p =0.016). There was no significant statistical significance observed between serum VLDL-C levels and pre-eclampsia in second trimester but significance was found in third trimesters.OutcomeTrimesterNMeanSDSEM95% CILower BoundUpper BoundEclampsia2nd Trimester2030.957.931.7727.2334.663rd Trimester2039.707.111.5936.3643.03GDM2nd Trimester627.166.012.4520.8533.473rd Trimester634.005.652.3028.0639.93Preterm2nd Trimester625.663.981.6221.4829.843rd Trimester636.836.962.8429.5244.14Figure 5. Association of VLDL Cholesterol with Eclampsia, GDM and Preterm4.7 Mean values of lipid parameters with outcome in 2nd and 3rd trimesterThe mean values of Serum cholesterol, Serum TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, VLDL-C are given in figures 6 and 7.TrimesterOutcomeSerum Cholesterol mg/dlSerum Triglycerides mg/dlHDL-CHOLESTEROL mg/dlLDL-CHOLESTEROL mg/dlVLDL- CHOLESTEROL mg/dlSecond TrimesterPreeclampsia210.75204.0051.8092.7030.95GDM223.50214.3352.0096.8327.16Preterm213.33212.8349.0084.5025.66Third TrimesterPreeclampsia243.60243.2045.60137.8039.70GDM242.83230.5041.16150.1634.00Preterm243.66240.1645.50127.8336.83Figure 6. Mean values of lipid parameters with outcome in 2nd and 3rd trimesterFigure 7. Comparison of Lipid parameters between second and third trimester4.9 Complications outcome distributionOut of total 200 patients 168 had no complications, while 20 10% had preeclampsia, 6 3% had Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and 6 3% had preterm deliveries (Figure 8).ComplicationNo of CasesPercentageNo Complication16884%Pre-eclampsia2010%GDM63%Preterm63%Total200100%Figure 8. Distribution according to Complications5. DiscussionHypercholesterolemia is known to cause excessive lipid peroxidation and synchronous diminution in antioxidant activity which may result in an imbalance between peroxidases and antioxidants, leading to oxidative stress. O xidative stress and elevated atherogenic index may lead to atherogenicity in Pre-eclampsia 6.5.1 TriglyceridesIn a study conducted by Arnon Wiznitzer et. al., to prove the association of lipid levels during gestation with preeclampsia and GDM in 9911 pregnant women, they observed that the composite endpoint (GDM or preeclampsia) occurred in 1209 women (12.2%). During the index pregnancy, GDM was diagnosed in 638 women (6.4%) while Preeclampsia was diagnosed in 625 pregnancies (6.3%) 7.In a study by Lorentzen et al., it was observed that the mean triglyceride concentrations of pre-eclampsia patients were higher than normal pregnant women at 16-18 weeks 8.Later, a large prospective cohort study conducted in Norway by Clausen et al. (2001) also demonstrated that women with triglycerides preceding(prenominal) 212 mg/dL (2.4 mmol/L) had a five-fold increased risk (95% CI 1.1-23.1) of early onset pre-eclampsia (onset before 34 weeks) compared with those with triglycerides levels 133 mg/d L 9.A study done by S. Niromanesh et. al., to compare the outcomes of forty five pregnant women who had high TG levels (195 mg/dl) with 135 pregnant women having TG levels 10.In a study done by Kandimalla et. al., comprising 156 pregnant women attending antenatal clinic visits were included prior to 20 weeks and were analysed for lipid levels. 102 participants were followed until delivery and were monitored for pre-eclampsia. They reported that mean triglyceride levels were found significantly higher in the pre-eclampsia group. Women with triglycerides above 130 mg/dL had increased risk of pre-eclampsia compared with those with triglycerides levels of 91 mg/dL or less 11.In the present study, compared to the normal value of 150 mg/dl 12, during second trimester, the 95% CI for triglyceride level with Preeclampsia was between 195.71 and 212.29, the 95% CI for triglyceride level with outcome GDM was between 199.42 and 229.25 while the 95 % CI for triglyceride with preterm outcome was between 203.24 and 222.43. Hence, we can conclude that triglyceride level of more than 195 mg/dl during second trimester can lead to complications like Preeclampsia, and triglycerides greater than 199.42mg/dl lead to GDM and levels above 203.24mg/dl lead to Preterm delivery. During third trimester, the 95% CI for triglyceride level with Preeclampsia was between 236.37 250.03, the 95% CI for triglyceride level with outcome GDM was between 216.88 244.12 and the 95 % CI for triglyceride with preterm outcome was between 233.98 and 246.35. Hence, we can conclude that triglyceride level of more than 236 mg/dl during second trimester can lead to complications like Preeclampsia, triglyceride level of more than 216.88 mg/dl leads to GDM and triglyceride level of more than 233.98mg/dl leads to Preterm delivery (figure 1). Our findings correlate with the findings of a study done by Kandimalla et. al 11.5.2 Cholesterol

Lawmakers Should Pass the DREAM Act Essay -- Essays on the DREAM Act

Imagine a world with an educated youth. Now imagine a duplicate world where children are fighting to keep a smile on their faces, because, in truth, it is the only thing they suck up. In reality, this is what is happening. Youth, who have the privilege to be American citizens, are granted a very fulfilling education with a promise of a career. Children of illegal and undocumented immigrants do not have such luck. nigh undocumented children in America have very promising futures and even a degree under their belts, but they cannot apply for a job because they have no proof of citizenship. A controversial theme is the matter of the DREAM Act (Development, Relief, and Education, for Alien Minors) which permits undocumented immigrants to obtain citizenship and later get a job. Is this topic really a law or a lifestyle? Should we really be arguing on the matter of life or death? When the daydream Act is put into play, its positive effects are more numerous than the negative ones. Wi th this act, undocumented children are given an education and a future. What is better than an educated America? With education, America can be even more dominant. Everyone, despite their legal classification, deserves to have the option of success. On the matter of money, tax stomachers would not have to pay $16.2 chargeion annually on behalf of deportation fees. With these children growing to be citizens, they will have to pay taxes which will also help the growing deficit. America was born(p) on the morale that all people deserve a safe asylum and freedom. There are, however, some negatives to this act as well. Some voters speculate that instituting this bill will create a large scale chain migration. They feel that this act is only a magnet for the famil... ...Multiculturalism Essential Primary Sources. Ed. K. Lee Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, and Adrienne Wilmoth Lerner. Detroit Gale, 2006. 353-355. fence Viewpoints in Context. Web. 11 Apr. 2014Malkin, Michelle. Lawmakers Should Reject the DREAM Act. The Children of Undocumented Immigrants. Ed. David Haugen and Susan Musser. Detroit Greenhaven Press, 2013. At Issue. Rpt. from Harry Reids Illegal Alien Student Bailout. Michelle Malkin.com. 2010. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 11 Apr. 2014.Valbrun, Marjorie. Children of Illegal Immigrants defend When Parents Are Deported. The Children of Undocumented Immigrants. Ed. David Haugen and Susan Musser. Detroit Greenhaven Press, 2013. At Issue. Rpt. from Foster Care, Uncertain Futures Loom for Thousands of Immigrant Children. Americas Wire. 2012. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 11 Apr. 2014.

Essays --

Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman shows us how one mans blind faith in a misconception of the American Dream becomes an obsession of accomplishment that destroys his life and nearly that of his family.Millers main character Willy Loman somehow comes to believe that success always comes to those who are well care and good looking. His downfall is that he does not equate success with hard work and pers foreverance. This faulty thinking keeps him from achieving his goals of wealth and status. His boys Biff and Happy are taught the aforesaid(prenominal) faulty values and are destined to fail as well.The devastating effects of Willys obsession are seen throughout the family starting with Willy who begins to lose his mind and his self-assurance that he will someday prevail. He is torn between denial that he is ultimately a failure and desperation to succeed at any cost. In Willys opinion a man without success is nothing.Linda, Willys adoring wife weathers Willys ups and downs with pa tience and hope that someday he will realize that he is successful. She believes that a home, a loving family, and food on the table are all anyone needs. Linda says to him why must everybody conquer the world? Youre well like and everyone loves you (p292). She is often act to point out his accomplishments, but, he turns a blind eye.Happy, Willys youngest son is truly a mess. He follows in his fathers footsteps into the business world, where he is admittedly unhappy, yet continues because it is what is anticipate of him. He, like Willy believes that success is the measure of a man. He says I gotta show some of those pompous, self important executives over there that Hap Loman can stain the grade (p 250). We see his blind desire to succeed and know hes headin... ...g Charley, theres more of him in that front stoop than in all the sales he ever made (p328).The final requiem of this play includes some brilliant lines. Most importantly, Lindas final words at her husbands grave Willy , dear I cant cry, why did you do it, I search and search and I search, and I cant understand it, Willy. I made the last payment on the house today. Today, dear, and therell be nobody home. Were separated and clear. Were free...Were free... (p329). Linda knew all along what was important, and now Willy has died before ever realizing how much success he really had a true friend in Charley, and the love of his wife and sons. His home, paid for and fixed up with his own two hands. If anything can be learned from the life of Willy Loman, it is that sometimes what we wish for is not what we need, and by striving blindly we might miss what we have.