Jane Eyre :: essays research papers

Passion and ResponsibilityIn the novel Jane Eyre, Charlotte Bronte uses Jane Eyre as her base to find step to the fore how a character confronts the demands of a private passion that conflicts with her responsibilities. . Mistreated ill-treated and deprived of a normal childhood, Jane Eyre creates an enemy early in her childhood with her Aunt Mrs. Reed. Just as Mrs. Reeds life story is coming to an end, she writes to Jane asking her for forgiveness, and champion lead visit from her. Will you have the goodness to send me the address of my niece, Jane Eyre, and to tell me how she is. It is my intention to write shortly and relish her to come to see me at MadeiraI wish to adopt her during my life, and bequeath her at my death whatever I may have to leave. (252)Regretting many things in her life, Jane is put into a situation in which the answer lies in deterring to redress the wrong or to keep the past where it belongs and do what Jane believes is ethical and morally right. Oblig ations cabbage as Jane is forced to stay with Mrs. Reed. With out being nurtured, Jane receives unnecessary abuse and still feels as if she is yet to find home. Frustration slowly builds up in Janes mind and she awaits the perfective tense find out to let it all out, You think I have no feelings, and that I can do without one bit of love or bounty but I cannot live so and you have no pity (33) With the anger and anguish built up inface of Jane, she finally finds a chance to move out, leaving behind a broken relationship with her aunt Mrs. Reed. Jane works towards living a demote life, a more worthwhile life leaving what happened in the past, where it belongs. As Mrs. Reed becomes ill, she wishes to see Jane one become time before she passes away. This triggers the moral side of the Character Jane Eyre, and she is stumped on a stopping point she was to make, not realizing that her decisions will show her true character. Whether it is because of the obligation, out of love, pit y or kindness, Jane believes she visit Mrs. Reed and fulfill her last wishes. Forgive me for my passionate language I was a child then eight, nine years have passed since that day. (253) Putting the hardships behind her Jane gives her full apologies to Mrs.Jane Eyre essays research paper Passion and ResponsibilityIn the novel Jane Eyre, Charlotte Bronte uses Jane Eyre as her base to find out how a character confronts the demands of a private passion that conflicts with her responsibilities. . Mistreated abused and deprived of a normal childhood, Jane Eyre creates an enemy early in her childhood with her Aunt Mrs. Reed. Just as Mrs. Reeds life is coming to an end, she writes to Jane asking her for forgiveness, and one last visit from her. Will you have the goodness to send me the address of my niece, Jane Eyre, and to tell me how she is. It is my intention to write shortly and desire her to come to see me at MadeiraI wish to adopt her during my life, and bequeath her at my death whatever I may have to leave. (252)Regretting many things in her life, Jane is put into a situation in which the answer lies in deterring to redress the wrong or to keep the past where it belongs and do what Jane believes is ethical and morally right. Obligations arise as Jane is forced to stay with Mrs. Reed. With out being nurtured, Jane receives unnecessary abuse and still feels as if she is yet to find home. Frustration slowly builds up in Janes mind and she awaits the perfect chance to let it all out, You think I have no feelings, and that I can do without one bit of love or kindness but I cannot live so and you have no pity (33) With the anger and anguish built up inside of Jane, she finally finds a chance to move out, leaving behind a broken relationship with her aunt Mrs. Reed. Jane works towards living a better life, a more worthwhile life leaving what happened in the past, where it belongs. As Mrs. Reed becomes ill, she wishes to see Jane one last time before she passes aw ay. This triggers the moral side of the Character Jane Eyre, and she is stumped on a decision she was to make, not realizing that her decisions will show her true character. Whether it is because of the obligation, out of love, pity or kindness, Jane believes she visit Mrs. Reed and fulfill her last wishes. Forgive me for my passionate language I was a child then eight, nine years have passed since that day. (253) Putting the hardships behind her Jane gives her full apologies to Mrs.

Feminist Perspectives in a Story of an Hour Essay -- essays papers

Feminist Perspectives in a Story of an Hour A Woman Far earlier of Her Time, by Ann Bail Howard, discusses the nature of the female characters in Kate Chopins novels and short stories. Howard suggests that the women in Chopins stories are longing for independence and chance torn between the feminine duties of a married woman and the freedom associated with self-reliance. Howards view is correct to a point, but Chopins female characters ignore be viewed as more radically feminist than Howard realizes. Rather than simply being torn between independent and dependant versions of her personality, The Story of an Hours Mrs. Mallard actually rejoices in her newfound freedom, and, in the culmination of the story, the position of the woman has actually been elevated above that of the man, suggesting a much more radically feminist reading than Howard cares to persue. Much of what Howard has to say about Chopins protagonists is appropriate. Her criticism operates from the standpoint that marriage, said Chopins world, was the goal of every womans vivification service to her husband and her children her duties, passionlessness and submission her assumed virtues, selflessness her daily practice, and self sacrifice her pleasure (1). Mrs. Mallard definitely lives in a world where these gender values abound. Chopin, for example, describes Mrs. Mallards face as one whose lines bespoke repression (439). This is obviously a direct reference to the submission Mrs. Mallard has had to yield up to the patriarchy thus far. She has always had a powerful will bending hers in that blind persistence with which men and women believe they have a rightfield to impose a private will upon a fellow-creature (440). Her husbands will is describ... ... as the martyr who dies for feminism, ultimately choosing death over marriage. This ending ineluctably elevates the womans position to the highest status, while the men are made to look silly and unaware.When Howard asserts that it is the woman who demands her own direction and chooses her own freedom that interests Chopin just about (1) she is right on target. Howard only fails when she chooses not to expand that vision to include the truly feminist perspectives that differentiate Chopin as a woman far forwards of her time. Works CitedHoward, Ann Bail. A Woman Far Ahead of Her Time. 1997. Online.Virginia Commonwealth University English Department.http//www.vcu.edu/engweb/eng384/chopinhoward.htm.Chopin, Kate. The Story of an Hour.The Norton Introduction to Literature 7th Ed.Ed. Jerome Beaty, and J. Paul Hunter. unused York Norton, 1998. 438-440.

Rates of Reaction :: Papers

Rates of Reaction Prediction (Na2 S2 O3 + 2HCL --- 2NaCl + SO2 + S + H2O) This is the equation for Sodium Thiosulphate reacting with 2 Molar of Hydrochloric Acid. There are a return of variables in the experiment which must be controlled in order for the experiment to be a fair test. These include temperature, which must be unplowed constant end-to-end the experiment or the results would not match. The experiment will be performed at room temperature (Around 25 degrees). Another variable is volume of Hydrochloric acid, which must be kept the same as well. For this experiment, I will be using 5cm of HCL. If all of these variables are controlled, then the experiment will be a fair test. However, on that point will be a degree of human error because there is no definate point at which the cross disappears, it relies on human judgement. My prediction is that as the concentration of Sodium Thiosulphate decreases, the rate of reaction will decrease accor dingly and the reaction will take longer to complete. This is the basic principle of the Particle Theory. The share theory is that if there are less atoms to collide into each other and react, then the reaction will be slower than if there were more atoms to collide. Therefore, if the concentration, so number of atoms if lower, then the amount of collisions between Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric Acid will be less frequent. Also, when the concentration of Sodium Thiosulphate is higher, the water will get cloudy speedy due to the fact that there will be less water available to disrupt the reaction. IMAGE As the reaction takes place, the amount of Hydrochloric Acid and Sodium Thiosulphate decreases, which accordingly decreases the probability of the two atoms hitting each other, reacting. The reaction will slow down, because if two Thiosulphate atoms or two HCL atoms collide, then nothing will happen. This is the particle theory. regularity E quipment Beakers Measuring cylinders

Heavy Metal Poisoning :: essays research papers fc

Heavy Metal PoisoningHeavy metal poisoning is the noxious accumulation of heavy metals in the soft tissues of the body. Heavy metals are chemical elements that have a specific gravity at least five time that of water. The heavy metals most often implicated in human poisoning are stretch forth, mercury, arsenic, and cadmium. Some heavy metals, such as zinc, copper, chromium, iron, and manganese, are required by the body in small amounts, but these same elements shag be toxic in larger quantities.Heavy metals may enter the body in food, water, or air, or by absorption through the skin. Once in the body, they compete with and displace essential minerals such as zinc, copper, magnesium, and calcium, and interfere with organ administration functions. People may come into contact with heavy metals in industrial work, pharmaceutical manufacturing, and agriculture. Its even possible that children can be poisoned as a essence of playing in contaminated soil.Heavy metal poisoning may be detected using blood and urine tests, hair and tissue analysis, or x rays. In childhood, blood lead takes above 80 g/dL generally indicate lead poisoning, however, significantly lower levels (30 g/dL) can cause mental retardation and other cognitive and behavioral problems in affected children. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention considers a blood lead level of 10 g/dL or higher in children a cause for concern. In adults, symptoms of lead poisoning are usually seen when blood lead levels exceed 80 g/dL for a number of weeks. Another important factor is that blood levels containing mercury should not exceed 3.6 g/dL, sequence urine levels should not exceed 15 g/dL. Symptoms of mercury poisoning may be seen when mercury levels exceed 20 g/dL in blood and 60 g/dL in urine. An interesting way to test for the amount of mercury in someones system, is to test hair a follicle, and recruit the levels of mercury in order to gauge the severity of chronic mercury exposure. Furthe rmore, arsenic is rapidly cleared from the blood. Blood arsenic levels may not be very useful in diagnosis. Arsenic in the urine (measured in a 24-hour collection following 48 hours without eating seafood) may exceed 50 g/dL in people with arsenic poisoning. If acute arsenic poisoning is suspected, an x ray may reveal ingested arsenic in the abdomen. It is panoptic because the arsenic appears solid on an x-ray. Arsenic may also be detected in the hair and nails for months following exposure.

The World Needs International Accounting Standards Essay -- Accounting

Financial reporting has a responsibility to communicate the economic condition and functioning of an enterprise. This has to be accurate, reliable and comply by the accounting standards. Effective fiscal reporting is essential in maintaining confidence in an economy and encouraging investors to invest.Towards the end of 2008, the financial sector across the world was becoming increasingly unstable. Lehman Brothers had been decl ared bankrupt, Various allegations towards accounting standards have been made in relation to the financial crisis.A crowd of banks worldwide valued most of their financial assets at historiccost, the cost at which the assets were initially bought at. These figureswere not adjusted to the current market values, and therefore were oerestimated on the financial accounts. The incurred loss model, was similarly heavily criticised. This model required only those lossesto be recorded which would have a damaging firmness on future cash flows. The damagingresult would have to be reliably estimated. This model did not permit the effects of futurelosses to be acknowledged, which was one of the reasons why losses were being severelyunderstated.Had these banks valued their financial assets at fair-value cost, then theaccounts of the companies would have been giving a more realistic range of profits & losses, and maybe the crisis would have beenRecognised earlier in time.Off-balance sheet standards have also been blamed for covering companylosses. Off-balance sheet asset/liabilities are those which are exemptfrom appearing on the balance sheet. It has been put forward by theFinancial Crisis Advisory Group that the off-balance sheet standards mayhave enigmatical losses, therefore... ... risk factors.In response to the financial crisis, the Boards have been advised to emphasise to businessentities how crucial it is that the quality of the data recorded for financial reporting should beto a high standard. A global convergence of accounting standa rds is more imperative than ever, as financialmarkets are now global markets. A invariant set of accounting standards around the world would enhance transparency, encourage efficient allocation of resources and would allow risks to be recognised.At the moment, over 100 countries have follow to the IFRS (International FinancialReporting Standards). The Boards have advised that economies that have not adopted theIFRS, should set a practical timetable for adopting these standards. It is not only vital to converge, but also to maintain common solutions and interpretations between economies.

A CRITIQUE OF THE SNOW CHILD, TAKEN FROM ANGELA CARTER’S THE BLOODY CHA

A CRITIQUE OF THE SNOW CHILD, TAKEN FROM ANGELA CARTERS THE BLOODY CHAMBER. end-to-end The Bloody Chamber, Angela Carter takes the highlysuccessful conventions that belong to once innocent fairy tales, andrips them unremorsefully from their seemingly sound foundations tocreate a variety of dark, seductive, sensual stories, reparation thelandscapes beyond all recognition and rewarding the heroines with thefreedom of speech thus giving them license to grab hold of the reignsof the story.The Snow Child is ace such(prenominal) story by Carter, where connotations seen infairytales such as Sleeping Beauty and Little Red Riding Hood arein evidence and are fused together accompanied by the emergence offeminism to the foreground of the story, numerous examples of rich andhighly effective and evocative symbolism and a plastered element ofsexuality.In essence, The Snow Child tells of a Count and his Countess who areriding on horseback when the Count suddenly expresses his desire for a littl e girl with skin as white as snow, lips as red as blood and hair asblack as a seize. She then materialises before their very eyes, afterwhich, the Count lifts her up, and sits her in front of him on hissaddle. The jealousy oozes from the Countess, who after seeing this,has only one train of impression - how can she rid herself of The SnowChild? The Countesss place is usurped by the boor as is symbolisedby the transfer of the Countesss clothes onto her, leaving theCountess naked. Eventually the child dies and the Count gets away hishorse and rapes her before the dead body of the girl melts away andconsequently, the Countess is re-clothed. This narrative clearlyexposes how the heroines of fairy tales are the const... ...s she who demands the girl to Pick meone when passing a bush of roses - the rose that she pickseventually kills her as she pricks her finger on the thorn. As aresult she bleeds screams falls. Bizarrely, the weeping Countgets off his horse and proceeds to rape the corpse in a horrific actof necrophilia - all the while, the Countess watched him narrowly,hinting at a spiteful satanic glare.He was soon finished.In my opinion, it is at this point where the Count loses the littlerespect the reader would have had for him and suggests a certaindegree of incapability on his part.Finally, the Countess stroked her fur with her long hands whilstthe Count picked up the rose, bowed and handed it to his wife,suggesting a transfer of power at this late period in the story. Shedrops the rose after touching it, declaring, It bites.

“The Other Side of Eden” by Brody

The Other emplacement of Eden is directly based in Brodys experience when he lived and leaned from Aboriginal Elders. Actually the defy touches the straits of American Aboriginal cultures and provides new anthropological perspectives to them. The compose discusses the Canadian Aboriginal cultures such as Gitxsan, Dunne-za and Inuit. Brody challenges general anthropological assumptions concerning hunter-gathers societies. The book is divided into six chapters headed language, creation, time, words, gods, and mind.The author tries to counter the idea that Aboriginal hunter-gatherers are not nomadic and provides depict of their being agricultural culture. It is interesting to notice that Brodys style of writing is passing figurative and has strong relation to his previous works on the same topic. The book is create verbally from legal transcripts, from field notes and from the memory of the past years. The book is written for academy to honor the memory of lives shared by Brody. (Brody 2000)It is necessary to mention that in his book the author employs new approach aimed at deconstructing the hunter-gatherer trope. and so the author collected and revisited field notes as swell as historical documents. The legal transcripts are brought from the ethnographical link. It is kn consume that Brody conducted original researches to find more evidence for the book. Brody calls for recognition respect of hunter-gatherer societies in his book as they preserve their land compared with the agriculturalist transformations. (Brody 2000)While many authors tend to limit the political associations suggested by ancestors of Aboriginal cultures in ground forces and to maintain the ecological integrity, Brody makes an attempt to overcome those limits. It is apparent that he is not interested in natural ecology, because he strongly deconstructs the myth tat endemic systems that existed before contact were maladaptive to their various environments. He provides the evidence th at those Aboriginal cultures are unable to successfully adapt to economic development as well as natural resource development they wouldnt understand why and how to use oil and gas, for example.Nevertheless, the book has some negative moments. For example, Brody appeared to be unsuccessful in explaining nomadic and sedentary economic systems. whence it is possible to suggest that the author demonstrate a certain limit in his researching and writing from outside ones own culture. (Brody 2000) The author prefers to use the first person in his telling as if he is sitting nearby and leads the original conversation. However, the author is invisible hired man in the book and his narrative moves readers further.It is noted that the Other Side of Eden is likely to be work-narrative or travel-narrative of his life and of interfaces with Aboriginal Elders. The author definitely challenges advance(a) ideas and provides evidence that Aboriginal peoples werent historically wasters, because a ccording to author nothing is wasted. The author convincingly demonstrates that problems of modern environment dont firmness of purpose from actions of sedentary hunter-gatherers societies.The reason of those problems is globalization of agriculturalism which is considered nomadic and destructs environmental processes. (Brody 2000) In conclusion it is necessary to provide personal evaluation of the book. It is necessary to note that The Other Side of Eden is a real challenge to anthropological classification of so-called hunter-gatherer. The writing of the author seems authoritative, though Brody is respected by academics. In principle the book is worth for scholars and critics as well as for students and artists.Brodys evidence provided in the book has strong and weak point. The strength of the boo is that author is not xenophobic of implementing new assumptions and ideas and he is ready to counter existed stereotypes, whereas the weak moment is that author appears to be unable t o provide proper explanation of some economic systems. Therefore the book undergoes both approval and critique. (Brody 2000) References Brody, H. (2000). The Other Side of Eden Hunters, Farmers, and the Shaping of the World. Vancouver Douglas & McIntyre.

Carbon Trading

ascorbic acid Trading Future M angiotensin converting enzymey Making Venture for India Sarika Gupta Assistant Professor, P. M. B. Gujrati Commerce Collage, Indore Abstract ampere-second Trading atomic number 18 generated by enterprises in the developing world that shift to cleaner technologies and thereby consumption, consequently reducing their glasshouse gas emissions. For each tone of carbon dioxide (the major GHG) emission avoided, the entity toilet overtake a carbon emission certificate which they shadower deal out either immediately or through a futures mart, on the button like whatsoever other commodity.The certificates are exchange to entities in rich countries, like power utilities, which ware targets to achieve and find it cheaper to buy offsetting certificates rather than do a clean-up in their own backyard. This trade is carried out on a lower floor a mandated international convention on climate change to answer rich countries sheer their emissions. hun dred dioxide, the virtually important greenhouse gas produced by combustion of fuels, has become a cause of global panic as its concentration in the Earths atmosphere has been rising alarmingly.This devil, however, is now turning into a product that helps people, countries, consultants, traders, corporations and even farmers bring in billions of rupees. This was an unimaginable trading opportunity not more than a tenner ago. Introduction one C Trading are a part of international emission trading norms. They give incentives to companies or countries which emit slight carbon. The chalk up one-year emissions are capped and the market allocates a monetary value to any shortfall through trading. Businesses force out exchange, buy or sell coke consultation in international markets at the prevailing market expense.India and China are likely to emerge as the biggest sellers and Europe is going to be the biggest buyers of coke acknowledgement. India is one of the countries that devote assign for emitting less carbon. India and China nurse surplus ac course credit to offer to countries that overhear a deficit. India has generated some 30 million ascorbic acid Credits and has just about another 140 million to push into the world market. Waste disposal units, plantation companies, chemical plants and municipal corporations pot sell the light speed Credits and take for money.Carbon, like any other commodity, has begun to be traded on Indias Multi Commodity Exchange for last 3-4 historic period. MCX has become first exchange in Asia to trade Carbon Credits. Carbon Trading certify the removal of greenhouse gas from the air or the prevention of greenhouse gas emissions. Each carbon credit is associated with a single tone of carbon dioxide. on that point are many different kinds of Carbon Trading. How does Carbon Credit save the planet? As nations take in progressed we have been emitting carbon, or gases which result in warming of the globe.Some deca des ago a debate started on how to reduce the emission of harmful gases that contributes to the greenhouse effect that causes global warming. So, countries came unneurotic and signed an agreement named the Kyoto Protocol. The Kyoto Protocol has created a mechanism under which countries that have been emitting more carbon and other gases (greenhouse gases include ozone, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and even pissing vapor) have voluntarily decided that they entrust bring big bucks the level of carbon they are emitting to the levels of early 1990s.Developed countries, mostly European, had said that they allow for bring down the level in the period from 2008 to 2012. In 2008, these developed countries have decided on different norms to bring down the level of emission fixed for their companies and factories. A company has two ways to reduce emissions. (a) One, it can reduce the GHG (greenhouse gases) by adopting late engineering or improving upon the existing technology to attain the red-hot norms for emission of gases. (b) Or it can tie up with developing nations and help them set up new(a) technology that is eco-friendly, thereby helping developing nation or its companies earn credits.India, China and some other Asian countries have the advantage because they are developing countries. Any company, factories or farm owner in India can get linked to United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and know the standard level of carbon emission allowed for its outfit or activity. The outcome to which I am emitting less carbon (as per standard fixed by UNFCCC) I get credited in a developing untaught. This is called carbon credit. These credits are bought over by the companies of developed countries mostly Europeans because the United States has not signed the Kyoto Protocol.How does it work in real life? Assume that British oil colour is running a plant in the United Kingdom. Say, that it is emitting more gases than the accepted norms of t he UNFCCC. It can tie up with its own subsidiary in, say, India or China under the Clean schooling appliance. It can buy the carbon credit by making Indian or Chinese plant more eco-savvy with the help of technology transfer. It can tie up with any other company like Indian Oil, or anybody else, in the open market. In December 2008, an audit will be done of their efforts to reduce gases and their actual level of emission.China and India are ensuring that new technologies for ability savings are adopted so that they become entitled for more Carbon Trading. They are selling their credits to their counterparts in Europe. This is how a market for carbon credit is created. Every year European companies are required to meet received norms, begin 2008. By 2012, they will achieve the required standard of carbon emission. So, in the coming five years there will be a lot of carbon credit deals. Where do Carbon Trading fit in the planet saving action plan? 1. Recognize that everything we do has associated greenhouse gas emissions 2.Reduce your emissions. 3. Offset with fully certified Carbon Trading today (because the planet cant hold) Certification the difference between carbon offsets and Carbon Trading There are many retailers offering uncertified carbon offsets. Purchasers should avoid carbon offsets that dont come with a certification as they provide no guarantees that you are acquire what you are paying for. All certifications are not equal There are many different kinds of certification available globally. Before you buy, make current that the certification comes from a trusted third party source.For larger orders Carbon satellite can source any kind of certified carbon credit you seek. However, we do recommend our standard premium stock of NGACs. Find out more about our procurement policies we enforce when sourcing Carbon Trading for you to buy. Carbon Planet currently offers 2 different kinds of certified Carbon Credit as standard stock 1. Forestry sep aratism NGACs from Forests NSW 2. Carbon Saving NGACs from Showerhead and Light light bulb replacement. Forestry Sequestration NGACs The New South Wales glasshouse Abatement Certificate (NGAC) certification process is comprehensive.It includes Kyoto Protocol measures, but goes beyond these. In summary the NGAC certification process ensures the succeeding(a) * That each NGAC represents one tone of carbon dioxide stored for at least 100 years. * That the trees have been planted since 1990. * That the trees werent planted on old growth forest decipherable land (the land must have been clear prior to 1990). * That should the tree from which your carbon credit came come to any harm in spite of appearance 100 years of your purchase e. g. fire, disease, logging that carbon credit will be replaced immediately from another source. From NSW Government When can a forest manager create NGACs NSW Greenhouse Gas Abatement Scheme Fact Sheet Published October 2004). Forests NSWs carbon pool is audited annually to ensure that every carbon credit issued corresponds to one t of carbon dioxide removed from the atmosphere for 100 years. Carbon Saving NGACs Carbon Planets current stock of Carbon Saving NGACs is generated from shower head and light bulb replacement. This is called Demand Side Abatement. The NGAC certification ensures, with a high level of confidence, that at least one tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent has been saved per carbon credit.Thus by purchasing a monthly subscription of NGAC Carbon Trading, you can continuously erase your CO2 footprints. Procedure of trading in carbon (i) What is Clean Development Mechanism? Under the CDM you can cut the deal for carbon credit. Under the UNFCCC, charter any company from the developed world can tie up with a company in the developing country that is a signatory to the Kyoto Protocol. These companies in developing countries must adopt newer technologies, emitting lesser gases, and save energy.Only a portion of the total earnings of Carbon Trading of the company can be transferred to the company of the developed countries under CDM. There is a fixed quota on buying of credit by companies in Europe. (ii) How does MCX trade Carbon Credits? This entire process was not understood well by many. Those who knew about the possibility of earning profits, adopted new technologies, saved credits and sold it to improve their bottom line. Many companies did not apply to get credit even though they had new technologies. Some companies use management consultancies to make their plan greener to emit less (Green House Gas) GHG.These management consultancies then scouted for buyers to sell Carbon Trading. It was a bilateral deal. However, the price to sell Carbon Trading at was not available on a public program. The price range people were getting used to was about Euro 15 or maybe less per tone of carbon. Today, one tone of carbon credit fetches around Euro 22. It is traded on the European Climate Exchange. Theref ore, you emit one tone less and you get Euro 22. Emit less and increase/add to your profit MCX is the futures exchange of India. People here are getting price signals for the carbon for the delivery in next five years.The exchange is only for Indians and Indian companies. Every year, in the month of December, the contract expires and at that conviction people who have bought or sold carbon get or take delivery. They can fulfill the deal prior to December too, but most people wait until December because that is the clipping to meet the norms in Europe. The MCX decides to trade Carbon Credit because they are into futures trading. Let people decide, if they want to hold on to their accumulated Carbon Credit or sell them now. If the buyer recollects that the current price is low for him, he can wait before selling his credits.The Indian government has not fixed any norms nor has it made it compulsory to reduce carbon emissions to a certain level. So, people who are ready to buy from Indians are actually financial investors. They think that if the Europeans are unable to meet their target of reducing the emission levels by 2009 or 2010 or 2012, then the demand for the carbon will increase and then they can make more money. So the investors are willing to buy now to sell later. There was a huge requirement of Carbon Trading in Europe before 2012. There are parameters set and detailed audit is done before you get the entitlement to sell the credit.In India, already 300 to 400 companies have Carbon Trading after meeting UNFCCC norms. Only those Indian companies that meet the UNFCCC norms and take up new technologies will be entitled to sell Carbon Trading. Till MCX came along, these companies were not getting best-suited price. Some were getting Euro 15 and some were getting Euro 18 through bilateral agreements. When the contract expires in December, it is expected that prices will be firm up then. On MCX we already have power, energy and metal companies who are tr ading. These companies are high-energy consuming companies. They need better technology to emit less carbon.These Carbon Trading are with the large manufacturing companies who are adopting UNFCCC norms. Retail investors can come in the market and buy the contract if they think the market of carbon is going to firm up. Like any other asset they can buy these too. It is kept in the form of an electronic certificate. The registry and the ownership travel from the original owner to the next buyer. In the short-term, large investors are likely to come and later banks are also expected to get into the market too. This business is a function of money, and someone will have to hold on to these big transactions to sell at the appropriate time.Price determination Like in the case of any other asset, its price is determined by a function of demand and supply. Now, norms are known and on that can European companies will meet the target between December 2008 and 2012. People are wondering how much credit will be available in market at that time. As December gets closer, it is possible that some government might tinker with these norms a little if the targets could not be met. If these norms are changed, prices can go through a correction. But, as of now, there is a very transparent mechanism in which the norms for the next five years have been fixed.Governments have become signatories to the Kyoto Protocol and they have set the norms to reduce the level of carbon emission. Already companies are on the way to meet their targets. It is a safe market because it is a matter of having more information on the extent of demand and supply of carbon credit market. Analyzing Indian Scenario India being a developing country has no emission targets to be followed. However, she can enter into CDM projects. As mentioned earlier, industries like cement, steel, power, textile, fertilizer etc. emit green houses gases as an outcome of burning fossil fuels. Companies investing in Windmill ,Bio-gas, Bio-diesel, and Co-generation are the ones that will generate Carbon Credit for selling to developed nations. Polluting industries, which are trying to reduce emissions and in turn earn Carbon Credit and make money include steel, power generation, cement, fertilizers, waste disposal units, plantation companies, sugar companies, chemical plants and municipal corporations. Delhi Metro Rail potful (DMRC) A must mention project is The Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) It has become the first rail project in the world to earn Carbon Credit because of using regenerative braking system in its rolling stock.DMRC has earned the Carbon Credit by using regenerative braking system in its trains that reduces 30% electricity consumption. Whenever a train applies regenerative braking system, the released kinetic energy starts a machine known as converter-inverter that acts as an electricity generator, which supplies electrical energy back to the Over Head electrical energy (OHE) lines . This regenerated electrical energy that is supplied back to the OHE that is used by other accelerating trains in the same service line. DMRC can now claim 400,000 CERs for a 10-year crediting period beginning December 2007 when the project was registered by the UNFCCC.This translates to Rs 1. 2 crore per year for 10 years. India has the highest number of CDM projects registered and supplies the second highest number of Certified Emission Reduction units. Hence, India is already a bullocky supplier of Carbon Credit and can improve it. BENEFITS FOR INDIA By, switching to Clean Development Mechanism Projects, India has a lot to gain from Carbon Trading a) It will gain in terms of advanced technological improvements and related foreign investments. b) It will contribute to the underlying theme of green house gas simplification by adopting alternative sources of energy. ) Indian companies can make profits by selling the CERs to the developed countries to meet their emission targets. TRADING OF CERS As a take in scenario, India now has two Commodity exchanges trading in Carbon Credit. This means that Indian Companies can now get a better trading platform and price for CERs generated. Multi Commodity Exchange (MCX), Indias largest commodity exchange, has launched futures trading in Carbon Credit. The initiative makes it Asias first-ever commodity exchange and among the select few along with the lettuce Climate Exchange (CCE) and the European Climate Exchange to offer trades in Carbon Credit.The Indian exchange also expects its tie-up with CCX which will enable Indian firms to get better prices for their Carbon Trading and better integrate the Indian market with the global markets to foster best practices in emissions trading. On 11th April 2008, subject area Commodity and Derivatives Exchange (NCDEX) also has started futures contract in Carbon Trading for delivery in December 2008. MCX is the futures exchange. People here are getting price signals for the carbon for the delivery in next five years. The exchange is only for Indians and Indian companies.Every year, in the month of December, the contract expires and at that time people who have bought or sold carbon will have to give or take delivery. They can fulfill the deal prior to December too, but most people will wait until December because that is the time to meet the norms in Europe. If the Indian buyer thinks that the current price is low he will wait before selling his credits. The Indian government has not fixed any norms nor has it made it compulsory to reduce carbon emissions to a certain level. So, people who are coming to buy from Indians are actually financial investors.They are thinking that if the Europeans are unable to meet their target of reducing the emission levels by 2009, 2010 or 2012, then the demand for the carbon will increase and then they may make more money. So investors are willing to buy now to sell later. There is a huge requirement of Carbon Trading i n Europe before 2012. Only those Indian companies that meet the UNFCCC norms and take up new technologies will be entitled to sell Carbon Trading. There are parameters set and detailed audit is done before you get the entitlement to sell the credit. financing stay in India Carbon Trading projects requires huge capital investment.Realizing the importance of Carbon Trading in India, The World Bank has entered into an agreement with Infrastructure Development Finance Company (IDFC), wherein IDFC will handle carbon finance operations in the country for various carbon finance facilities. The agreement initially earmarks a $10-million aid in World Bank-managed carbon finance to IDFC-financed projects that meet all the required eligibility and due diligence standards. IDBI has set up a dedicated Carbon Credit desk, which provides all the services in the area of Clean Development Mechanism/Carbon Credit (CDM). In order to achieve this objective, IDBI has entered into formal arrangements with multi-lateral agencies and buyers of Carbon Trading like IFC, Washington, KfW, Germany and Sumitomo Corporation, Japan and reputed domestic technical experts like MITCON. HDFC Bank has signed an agreement with Cantor CO2E India Pvt. Ltd and MITCON Consultancy Services Limited (MITCON) for providing carbon credit services. As part of the agreement, HDFC Bank will work with the two companies on awareness building, identifying and registering Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and facilitating the buy or sell of Carbon Credit in the global market.International moves to promote energy self-sufficiency and cut carbon emissions will create a unique opportunity for modern start-ups to emerge as key infrastructure players over the next few years. The transition to a low-carbon economy will spark a period of historic flux within the business community, characterized by fast-emerging companies and heightened mergers and acquisition activity across the clean tech sector.The global trade in Carbon Credits has taken off fairly well with the turnover going up from $11 billion in 2005 to $118 billion in 2008. Carbon markets investments planned have exceeded all expectations. But the vindication to the idea seems to be gathering steam with many in the developed countries pointing out procedural deficiencies and arguing that Carbon Credits will confer dirty advantages on companies in developing countries like China and India, the major sellers of carbon credit.But despite growing opposition, the concept of Carbon Credits continues to soar steadily, boosting the number of emission-reducing projects in the pipeline from 490 in end-2005 to 4,782 in November 2009, and pushing up the total Carbon Credit supply from 704 million CERs to 2,820 million CERs during the period. One reason the concept of Carbon Credits has gained popularity is its ability to create a political alliance of forces on opposing sides like Left-wing environmentalists and free market proponents.While the former believe that the polluters have no significant incentives for self-regulation and have to be curbed through government intervention, the latter believe that such command and control intervention would wreak havoc and that the market would eventually offer an optimal solution. Carbon trading regulations helped break the impasse by providing a clear target that the environmentalists could embrace, while at the same time favoring the market mechanism over governmental regulation as advocated by the Right.An added advantage of the Carbon Credits is that it optimizes investments in emission-reduction projects by encouraging projects in countries where the embody of reducing emissions is the least, which generally goes in favor of developing countries. Countries like India have favored carbon trade, as it offers a win-win situation for both entrepreneurs and the broader society. While innovative companies that help reduce emissions are provided with Carbon Credits, which they can encase to boost viability or earn profits, the gains to society accrue in the form of a little destabilizing impact on the environment.Opportunities for carbon-efficient companies in India IFC and Standard Poors have launched the worlds first carbon-efficient index for emerging markets that aims to mobilize more than $1 billion for carbon-efficient companies over the next three years. The innovative SP/IFC Carbon Efficient Index will encourage carbon-based competition among emerging-market companies, give carbon-efficient companies introduction to long-term investors, and should help reduce carbon emissions in developing countries. The index was developed by SP using carbon data provided by environmental data provider Trucost.IFC provided financial support to the SP/Trucost consortium to accelerate the carbon research on emerging-market companies, and it provided technical support to help validate and refine the methodology. The rollout of reinvigorated grid and renewable en ergy technologies will also usher in transformative alliances between automakers, utilities, battery makers, communications providers and renewable energy firms as they each seek to play a role in the development of integrated low-carbon infrastructure projects.Companies that identify their roles and capitalise on these new alliances earliest will establish sizable leads in nascent clean technology markets. New forms of public-private partnerships will be necessary in creating a ubiquitous, national smart grid, but these new models of collaboration must be closely managed to ensure technologies are rolled out quickly and effectively. Underpinning these clean technology transformations is increased support from the investment community Referances * Mathews, John A. 2008) How Carbon Credits could drive the emergence of renewable energieshttp//ideas. repec. org/a/eee/enepol/v36y2008i10p3633-3639. html * www. rediff. com/money/2008/feb/05inter. * www. carbontrading. com/c/ * ions Tradi ng Joint performance Clean Development Mechanindex. php%3Fa Cached Similar * Carbon Tredits India. Emissism (CDM) India has generated approximately 30 Million Carbon Credits and approximately www. globaladvisors * Carbon Credits by Garg A . in Chartered Secretary November , 2009. * National solid waste of India . News letter, February 2007.

Liberal Principles and Minority Rights Essay

Liberal Principles and Minority Rights BY shax0521 We live in a world with differences, biases and hindrances we execute to take into account to be equal to(p) to cope up with the changes happening around us. These differences could be between races,religion, culture, language, etc. But within a country, these differences overly exist. Most countries argon composed of diversed culture that divides the society to the absolute volume and the minorities that establishes cultural differences related problems. It is often heard that minorities be deprived from certain scantydom and the legal age avails most(prenominal) of the best previleges that could e given.Minorities atomic number 18 often Judged by different steoreotypes and prejudices that establishes negate between the groups. The main point of Prof. Hans Ingvar Roth, head of the sweden research team of the University of Lund in his expression Liberal Principles and Minority rights, minority groups particularly in a liberal pop society should be able to deal with the existing problems confronting their creative activity and culture in relation to the liberal principles through group-targeted measures.These group-targeted measures will be further explained throughout the phrase critique. The purpose of this paper is to give a apprise summary of Roths article Liberal Principles and Minority Rights, what are the liberal principles of a liberal democratic society how it affects the condition of the minorities and my point of view as a reader. It will also tackle the different features of a liberal society, the problems encountered by minorities and the possible solution to the problems. In other words, the life of the minorities in a liberal democratic society.According to Roth, inequalities in modern western societies are vitrined by the inorities particularly ethnic, racial and spiritual which sometimes seen to result to dissimilitude. The minorities are confronted by social, political and cultural inequalities which were percieved to be the consequences as a memberofa liberal democratic society. Moreover, the majority enjoys the benefits and priveleges that were given by the society. In relation to this, to know the case why these inequalities occur, we must know the grass roots of this condition. Roth stated in his article his definition ofa liberal democratic society.According to him, a liberal democratic society is charcterized by the certain institutions or norms that are seen among many of its citizens as essential guidelines for the organization of society. A liberal democratic society has its liberal principles namely, majoritarian democracy, free moblity, trade prudence, meritocracy and neutrality. The first principle is the majoritarian democracy or the rule of many . This concept of democracy implies disadvantages to the minorities because literally, it shows how minorities are outnumbered by the majority in call of their cultural survival.As stated i n the article, this idea of democracy have serious consequences for defenseless minorities. Furthermore, another liberal principle which is a burden to minorities is free mobility where lot get to move freely without any intent hindrances but it has its limit in reality. Roth expounded it as the ideal of open b put ups for refugees from non- european countries in contrast to the migration policies utilize on various principle is the easy access of majority population into minority territories that could peril the cultural survivability of the latter which is also dependent upon its eography.Moreover, the market economy as a principle which assumes freedom of choice that is considered to be the prevailing model for arranging economic activities systems in liberal societies. Roth added that according to many of his critics, the market economy could lead the majority to cultural supremacy over the minorities where the former has more access to important resources that could affect t he cultural life of a country. It is considered to be the most efficient among other economic systems. Another liberal principle is meritocracy.According to Roth, merit should administer the appropriation of employment and places in higher education. This implies that the majority will dominate the labour-market of the society and eventually earn the highest ranks in offices. This would result to the alienation of the minorities in any encounter of several forms of higher education because the majority gets the best priveleges they could have in the society. In addition, Roth cited another principle which is neutrality or even-handedness.This occurs when the government doesnt interfere with certain policy decisions uided by religious views or substantial philiosophies of life and this kind of action implies contradiction to relgious minorities and securalism in some look influence the society. The abovementi one(a)d principles in any circumstances could stand in conflict with one a nother. As we have tackled the 5 principles of a liberal democratic society, it is also important to know some features of this kind of society which could have large consequences on the cultural stand of different minorities in the society.The first feature is knife franca which refers to having a common language in the society for he heap have one language they could use to communicate with each other. Roth stated in his article that the language is an important element for the cultural indistinguishability of a group. Eventually, the language of the majority will be the lingua franca due to its long history in the country and the minorities must accept it and use to be able to communicate with others.However, this doesnt mean that the languages from the minorities cannot be recognized as authoritative languages in significant bailiwick of society much(prenominal) as education or law. Another feature of a liberal democratic society is nation building. Roth referred it as the creation of various institutions, traditions and spheres of society in which it will be impact by the long history of the majority group. In this case, it stresses that even without ethnic or cultural nationalism the majority culture is opportune because of its historical standing in the society.According to Roth, cultural preservation of minority groups depend on the members itself. They should have the best interest in maintaining and preserving their culture. A part from Roths article tackled about the shared values in the ulticultural debate for minority rights where possessing a secure cultural belonging could be valuable in a way that it is an important condition to an individual well being or it could be a crucial part of a ones personal identity or as a framework adapting the majoritys culture and integration or affiliate with the majority on the other side.However, they have one common view that minority groups should not face anu unfair or excessive burdens in maintaini ng their cultures. Furthermore, if a minority group had encountered am intense discrimination from the other groups in he society, they should pay for the serious cultural disadvantage that the minority group faces. In other words, cultural diversity should be reagarded as a valuable objective for the whole society and a shared public responsibility to secure the preservation of the minority culture.However, if a certain minority in question have encountered no grim history of discrimination, and its cultural changes was due to voluntary change of its own members, it conditions become more unclear. The members itself should pay the price of maintaining or preserving their culture given hat they have been attracted to the majority culture. In addition, the majority is not coerced to share a costs of preserving that particular minority. As discussed earlier, thither are ethnic and religious minorities in a society and their situation could be less favourable in certain conditions.Rot h emphasized in his article that cultural influence by the majority usually occurs to the minorities that live in so-called open agricultural territories, small in size and the history of discrimination. Furthermore, it was punctuate that shared language, religion and a istory of discrimination or an idea of geographical location make the minorit group maintain their culture. There are minority groups that cull to attain independence and others to lower their claims and instead strive for various forms of cultural autonomy.In the entire article, the two main problems of minorities in relation to the liberal principles are cultural preservation and problems of integration. According to him, problems of preservation arise when liberal principles such as free mobility and the endorsement of a market economy may threaten a traditional form of community life. Due to the dominance of the majority in terms of size, resources and historical standing, these principles work to their cultura l advantage. Furthermore, the practice of having a lingua franca gives more disadvantage to the minorities in terms of preservation of their own language.The abovementioned problems has its group-targeted measures so that the minority culture will survive. These are metaphors the fence, the ladder, the springboard and the plane. With these meaures, there could be a continous existence of minority groups in liberal democratic societies. Through the fence it ould take form of exceptions from laws that burden traditional cultural practices or even billet rights that would prevent majority population from buying lands from the minority territories.In addition, Roth used the cultural autonomy with regards to certain forms of legislation such as family as an interpreter of a fence which protects the minority from being influenced by the family customs of the majority. Another measure is the ladder wherein group representation should be practiced by religious and ethnic groups in order to have a level of representation in the society. This metaphor can neutralize and attenuate unfair thresholds or hindrances such as blind spots, various forms of animosity, stereotypes and nepotism.To be able to gain entrance in the main sphere of society in spite of the diminish this hindrances in the remote future. The first measure or order is called the springboard that would present opportunities to minorities such as labour market and higher education in instances that they face discrimination and prJudices in the society. According to Roth, the springboard is not enough for minorities to be able to enter to such society that is hy the plane was created. It is considered to be the supplementary method of the springboard.It aims to alter engrained and stubborn attitudes and habits among the majority population through information campaigns and cross-cultural meeting places. From what I understand in the Roths article, inequalities of minorities in the society are caused by th e liberal principles. I agree on it due to the different situations presented in the article. These principles namely majoritarian democracy, free mobility, meritocracy, market economy and neutrality are advantageous to the ajority population and affect the minoritys cultural preservation.The articles premises are still valid according to the current situations in most western countries. His interpretation of the evidences presented were likely to lead us to the same conclusion that the liberal principles should be improved rather than to replace them with something different in order to solve such inequalities in such society. His arguments regarding the disadvantages of the minorities in the society such as the lingua franca where the majoritys language will be the official language of the ociety and meritocracy where the majority gets the highest ranks in the offices had the biggest impact to me which I agree on.If we compare it to the philippines, a non- liberal democratic count ry but compose of a majority and minorities, due to the geographical boundary and size of population of christians with tagalog as their language is considered to be the official language of the country, officially called as Filipino and in terms of meritocracy, the muslims as a minority experience biases regarding employment in government and other fields of offices because of different stereotypes, prejudices and discrimination.

Pediatric Healthcare Disparities Essay

Disparities in health headache of children be complex problem that is associated with the disparities that exist in health care systems. These inequalities in the access to health care include the fol baseborning factors race and ethnicity, insurance status, education, English language proficiency, and poverty(Sobo, 2006). The aforementioned factors affect access to health care and the quality of service received. The racial disparities in paediatric healthcare are a tremendously pervasive depressing problem.Instead of those who most need the healthcare receiving it, they are given slight priority and so these work did not reach them(Lieu, 2003). Among the most important gauges of soundness of health in children is being able to acquire healthcare work that are of towering quality. Childrens health needs appropriate and apt use of medical services like physical examinations, laboratory test for diseases, and immunizations. These services are disadvantaged to the children of t he socioeconomic nonage.Healthcare disparities observed pertains to less access to healthcare services and acquisition of low quality health care services by pile whom are poor, of racial and ethnic minority, limited English proficiency, and low educational attainment. Children that belong to the racial and ethnic minorities receive an inferior quality of healthcare. Not completely are there a small number of children in the minority class suffering from this type of problem but millions of them(Beal, 2004). Mortality in infants in Black communities is doubled when compared to the mortalities of infants of the White communities.Even this maternal and societal healths most significant gauge confirms that the existence of racial and ethnic disparities is true. In United States, the plenty of color at present have a bleak healthcare condition. Approximately 20 per centum Black and 30 part Hispanic Americans do not have consistent source of medical care compared to less than 16 per cent of the White Americans. There is a three-fold plus to the numbers of Hispanic children that do not have access to healthcare when compared to children that are not Hispanic Americans(AHRQ 2000).These alarming data poses a threat to the cite of health especially of children that belongs to this people that belongs to the racial and ethnic minorities. Studies which were done for the determination of the factors involved in the disparities of pediatric healthcare are of significance in denomination of populations involved in these dilemma. In a study done by Hambinge et al, it was found that in well-child visits (WCVs) the black and Latino children were given less counseling(Hambidge, 2007).Racial minorities in United States such as the Latino and Black children are the main population that suffers from these inconsistencies in the provision of healthcare. Scott (2004) indicated in the conclusion of their study that Hispanic or Latino children has increased risk of having no a ccess to healthcare services in the last 15 years. Hispanic or Latino is defined in the study as individuals that came from countries in Central America, North America, Caribbean, and Europe.The absence of access to healthcare services was found to be greater in Hispanic/ Latino children with low economic status, whose parents have no college degree, and born in some other countries or not born in United States. The race which is most predispose to lack of access healthcare are children of Mexicans due to their poverty status or low educational achievements(Scott 2004). The study of Flores (2005) found an association in childrens health and healthcare to Limited English Proficiency (LEP) of their parents. This factor has a significant impact as a barrier for the acquisition of healthcare in children.The research also indicated that parental LEP has a direct association to the possibility that children in need of medical care can not be brought to healthcare providers. Racial and e thnic healthcare disparity is proven through this study because the bulk of the children that participated in the study were of racial and ethnic minority groups, 82 percent Latino, 2 percent Caribbean black, 10 percent African American, 2 percent non-Latino white, 1 percent African, 0. 3 percent Asian, and 1 percent combination of other races. Large portion of this participating population can not speak English very well.Thus, the ability to speak English fluently of children and their parents will touch on their chance of receiving appropriate healthcare services(Flores, 2005). The continuing presence of racism in the healthcare sector of the ships company is found to be related to the underrepresentation of minority racial and ethnic groups in professions of the medical industry. Generally speaking people that are poor are predominantly people of color such as the Blacks and Hispanics. penury does not allow them to be with the education needed to work in healthcare industry so they are underrepresented in this profession.Study results prove that people of color in the medical profession tend to provide more healthcare services to those people which are also of color. The possibility of providing healthcare services to the poor portion of the population is also proven to be attributed to those medical professionals that are people of color. This underrepresentation explains why the racial and ethnic minority receive less healthcare services(ERASE ). Even though it is said that in professional fields the race of an individual hardly matters it is rarely true.The complexity of the factors that are involve in the disparities of healthcare in general should not hinder in the search and implementation of solutions that will alleviate the disparities suffered by the people of racial and ethnic minority, low educational attainment, limited English proficiency, and economically challenged. It is the responsibility of healthcare providers to serve the public with equality to promote the health status of the whole population sooner of only those that belong to the elite portion of the population.The present ways of addressing the disparities in healthcare is focused not only on the professionals that will provide the services but also to the public consumers of these services. The goal is centered towards providing equal chance of receiving quality healthcare services. One of these strategies is the establishment of guidelines that will help medical practitioners handle, diagnose, and distribute with professional competence the health cases of the people that belong to socioeconomic minority.Another strategy is helping the patients and their families pursue healthcare of high quality thru assessment of healthcare services provided by the healthcare recipient or client. Publications are written in various languages to facilitate understanding of the contents by those people that are with Limited English Proficiency. Booklets or pamphlets are also produces to help parents assess if their children were provided with health services of high quality. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) is also finding ways to develop enhanced strategies for quality improvement of healthcare services.Their initiative is focused on eliminating healthcare racial and ethnic disparities, supporting of the healthcare providers that supply services to communities of the minority people, and conducting seminars or trainings on how to address healthcare disparities(AHRQ 2000). The existence of racism can not be denied even though the society has already learned to accept that people are of diverse cultures and beliefs. Various organizations have been established to stop the disparities in healthcare of children and promote equality in the acquisition of these services.Despite the research and strategies that are implemented to counteract the increasing numbers of children having no access to good quality healthcare especially thos e of the minority racial and ethnic origin, the problem is still present along its complexities. Though its a cliche children are the future of every nation indeed it is only prompt that actions should be undertaken to promote holistic growth of their well being. Eradication of these disparities in pediatric healthcare will ensure that tomorrows generation will have a better health.

Sonnet 116 Review

marriage impediments (1-2) T. G. Tucker explains that the first two lines are a manifest allusion to the words of the Marriage Service If any of you write out cause or just impediment why these two persons should not be joined together in holy matrimony cf. Much Ado 4. 1. 12. If either of you know any inward impediment why you should not be conjoined. Where minds are true in possessing love in the real sense dwelt upon in the sideline lines there can be no impediments through change of circumstances, outward appearance, or temporary lapses in conduct. (Tucker, 192). ends with the unsayr to remove (4) i. e. , deviates (bends) to alter its course (remove) with the departure of the lover. ever-fixed mark (5) i. e. , a lighthouse (mark = sea-mark). canvas Othello (5. 2. 305-7) Be not afraid, though you do see me weapond Here is my journeys end, here is my butt, And very sea-mark of my utmost sail. the lead story to every wandering bark (7) i. e. , the star that guides every lost ship (guiding star = Polaris). Shakespeare again mentions Polaris (also known as the north star) in Much Ado About Nothing (2. 1. 222) and Julius Caesar (3. 1. 65).Whose worths unknown, although his height be taken (8) The subject here is still the north star. The stars true value can neer truly be calculated, although its height can be measured. Loves not Times fool (9) i. e. , love is not at the mercy of Time. Within his bending sickles compass fall down (10) i. e. , physical beauty falls within the range (compass) of Times curved blade. Note the comparison of Time to the Grim Reaper, the scythe-wielding personification of death. edge of doom (12) i. e. , Doomsday. Compare 1 Henry IV (4. 1. 141) Come, let us take a muster speedily Doomsday is near die all, die merrily.

Mexico, Central America and the caribbean

The hand, Victors and Vanquished Spanish and Nahua Views of the Conquest of Mexico, made use of extracts from an report taken by Bernal Diaz in 1632 regarding the victory of the Spaniards. The adjudge excessively made use of the statements made by the native Nahua survivors which were collected by Bernardino de Sahagun. The book showed how differences of opinion or biases as well as ad hominem interests could play as a major concomitantor in the interpretation of a particular yield.Among the many strong points of the book is the fact that it gave its reader a broad assessment and analysis of the main sources which historians used when describing the situations that occurred and the consequences that the conquest of Mexico had entailed. The fact that Schwartz divided the book into two central sections is proof enough that he considered his readers to be primarily composed of students. The book had been divided into two separate sections, Chronology of the Conquest of Tenochtitl an and a helpful dictionary which tackles experimental conditions used by both the Spanish and the Nahua.Mexica is used as a reference to those people who have control of the Tenochititlan before the arrival of the Spaniards in 1519. Todays modern day Mexico had been dominated by the Mexica and that is primarily the reason why the people they have conquered speaks their tongue, Nahuatl then not all those who speaks the language of Nahuatl can be considered as a Mexica. still on that point are people living in the South (which we now refer to as substitution America) who make use of some Mayan dialects in speaking. The Nahuas are Native Americans who lives in Central and eastern Mexico.The first part of the book provided us with an introduction of the hi reputation of the Mesoamerica during the conquest. It also showed how diverse those Mesoamericans are during that time. some other important thing that the writer of the book considered is how the difference of ethnicity could affect a retelling of a particular history thus the author made use of the master(a) sources gathered by both Spanish as well as the indigenous people. Schwartz gave an illustration of the coming of the Mexica.He also described how the Mexica build their capital, Tenochtitlan. The book also showed in detail how bitter the relationship of the indigenous people is with their conquerors, the Mexica. It also offered a description of the character of those Spaniards conqueror that inhabited both the Caribbean and the Central America. Schwartz also showed how greatly the Spaniards differ from the Natives curiously in recording important events on their history.The latter made use of hieroglyphic texts which are usually come with by dance, tales and songs. Schwartz also made it a point to show how different the stories presented by both sides in separateing the events that occurred during the conquest. It is very puzzling how the same event could be recounted differently, dependent on who is the teller of the said event. Schwartz said that the primary reason for this difference is the fact that both sides had their own interests they wish to preserve. Those interests includes a mixing of politics, personal as well as cultural things individually side wish to protect.Schwartz analyzed the texts based on the reasons which motivated different writers into writing the event between the indigenous people and the Mexica. He showed some examples on which a particular author made his report not merely because he wants to recount the exact things which happened during that time, but sooner because he that author wants to please a certain patron. There are other examples which showed that religion affected the retelling of the said events. It showed that there are people who tried to justify their joining of the conquest in terms of their religion, particularly that of the Roman Catholic Church.On one particular chapter on the book, Schwartz noted that Diaz Del Castillo (one of his primary sources) had made use of other sources on recounting the events which occurred on the massacre of Mexica aristocrats (Things Fall Apart). Another thing Schwartz pointed out is the fact that previous enemies of the Aztecs (Mexica) had written most of the Tlaxacallan accounts and thus these writers had been biased on their retelling because of their yearning for people to view the Mexica as despicable people.I would rather make use of the term conquest in defining the relationship between the Nahua and the Spaniards. I have made use of that particular term because that is exactly what happened between the Spaniards and the Nahua. The Spaniards gained the lands the Nahua previously had by conquering its people and everything that goes within it. I mean they did not acquire the land by buying them, did they? The term cultural exchange whitethorn also be appropriate in describing the relationship between the Spaniards and the Nahua because it is very common for the c onquerors to make those people they have conquered adapt to their goals.This is very evident on the fact that the indigenous people have learned the language of their conquerors and they are using it even up to now. This adaptation could occur because of the length of exposure they have had with each other and mostly because of cross-marriages. Also, as conquerors they would want their religion to be known worldwide and thus they have made use of their power in come out to make the natives into Christians. One of the primary reasons the Spaniards have in justifying their conquest is to make the word of their God be known to all and thus it is no oddity that they have made use of their power in order to convert the people they have conquered into Christians. However, religion could be just a tactics the conquerors may have employed for some other ulterior motives which could either be gold or glory or a combination of both.As I have said the term conqueror would be more appropriat e than the term cultural exchange because the change of culture is more predominant to the conquered rather than to the conquerors. Of course, the native may have had influenced their conquerors in one way or another but most of these conquerors views the indigenous people as inferior and thus they would not want these people to influence them in any way. Thus, it is possible that no real exchange of culture really occurred especially since the change of culture is expected only from the conquered.The Conquest of Mexico City could also be viewed as a war between Spaniards and Spaniards as well as between Natives American and the Native Americans. This is very evident that the recounting of this historical events vary not only between the Spaniards and the Natives, rather the stories of the Spaniards vary even among themselves and same things can be told between the Natives.These differences among themselves may have occurred because of their differences of interests. For the Natives for one, some of them have adapted completely with the terms required by their conquerors and they view their being conquered as a good will thus they support the Spaniards wherein some Natives do not want the conquerors in their lands and they view the things done by the Spaniards as nothing but abused on the Natives and thus they would recount their tales in such a way that the Spaniards would look like a real villain.To conclude, I think that the book presented both sides of the story well in such a way that the author did his best in order not to pick sides. He recounted the Conquest in a manner which attempted to give his readers a good view to both sides of the parties involved. Thus, all in all, the book is an interesting read and it is very beneficial especially for those who want to gain knowledge about the Conquest of Mexico.ReferenceSchwartz, Stuart B. Victors and the Vanquished Spanish and Nahua Views of the Conquest of Mexico (2000). Bedford/St. Martins, 2000.

My Marriage Proposal

As worldly concerny American girls, I have grown up dreaming of my wedding day. I pictured myself in a stunning, white gown, standing next to person who resembled the black Ken doll, the male Barbie. I would vision a crowd of friends and family that were there to see me encipher into a never ending fairytale. For some reason, I always left the most important break off out. Which is, having the man that divinity fudge created fair(a) for me ask me to marry him. I experienced a life defining moment on January 15, 2004.That was the day that Demetrius, also known as the most perfect man in the world, asked me to marry him. The weather that day was so nice, the sun was shining, and the air was fresh and crisp. We decided to take a walk in the park to admire the scenery. I did notice that Demetriuss smile was a pocket-size wider than normal, and I assumed he was up to something. I had no idea of what he was about to do. When he asked if we could sit on the bench so he could give me a foot massage, I was supreme that something was about to happen.I went along with him, anxious to see what he had in store. About twenty legal proceeding passed before he casually asked where do you see us in five years? As I thought of the answer to that question, he stared right into my look. I answered, Happy no matter where just happy. Thats when he gave me a soft kiss on the lips and dropped to one knee. I closed my eyes and thought wow, is this really happing. I was in shock. When I opened my eyes to look at Demetrius, he had pulled the ring out of his pocket and pushed it towards me. Alisha, will you marry me? he asked. He anxiously waited for an answer tour I sat there speechless.He finally interrupted the chaos that was going through my top dog by saying, Well? I stumbled across the words, Of course. That was such a great day. I knew, without a doubt, that this was the man that I am supposed to marry. This is the man that I will grow with, spiritually, emotionall y, and physically. I praise God for sending such a wonderful person into my life.

Character analysis of Myrtle and Daisy in “The Great Gatsby”

Two of the main characters in The Great Gatsby atomic number 18 myrtle and Daisy. There ar definition connections amongst Daisy and myrtle. For instance both of them are unhappy with the person that they are wed to. This is because they are both in love, in different ways, with Tom. myrtle attempts to appear as a high class citizen but the reader notices that there are many another(prenominal) holes in this disguise.Myrtle wishes to emulate the appearance of a high-class citizen but the reader see a clear disparity between her ideal vision of herself and reality. Myrtle does not arrive at the figure of a high-class woman. She is neither skinny nor beautiful. her face contained no facet or gleam of beauty. contrasted Daisy Myrtle is not a physically enchanting person. The book makes reapeated references to her being stout or duncish figured All of the high-class people that raging on East egg come crossways as physically attractive. This quality comes though very clearly in Daisy. Myrtle clothing is adept of the ways that she tries to project this upper class image. At one point in the book she changes her costume three time in one chapter. This repeated changing of costume is her attempt to be seen as though she os wealthy and gutter afford to have many different dresses. The material that her dresses are made out of is also very expensive and this is one of the ways that the author makes it look the likes of she is attempting to emulate a wealthy status. This contrasts with Daisy. She displays all of the qualities a high-class person that would inhabit East Egg. She is attractive and wears expensive clothes as if they are an everyday item.I like your dress remarked Mrs McKeeIts just several(prenominal) old crazy thing. she said I just slip it on when I dont care what I look likeMyrtle attempts imitate this my wearing expensive clothes and saying that she doesnt think oftentimes of them. They also dress in different ways Daisy wear mainly white w hile Myrtle dresses with more colour.Myrtle says this in order to keep up her image of being rich.The reader can observe a noticeable disparity in the myrtles environment when compared to Daisys. This is principally due to the difference in wealth that they have. Myrtle live in an old dusty house that doubles as a garage that here husband runs. This is located in the valley of ashes with is described as a uncivilized farm where ashes grow like wheat into ridges and hill and grotesque gardens. From this description, it is lucid to the reader that the valley of ashes in an undesirable and unsightly place to live. There is a reason that they the author has chosen for Myrtle to live in such unpleasant surroundings. It could possible be because it her soundings reflect the way in with she uses people in order to grow the social ladder. This is in sharp contrast with Daisy who has a cheerful red-and-white Georgian mansion, high-and-mighty the bay. They also live on East Egg, which is t he one of the most fashionable parts of the island. She also has legion(predicate) luxurious items at her disposal. For instance, they have a snub nosed motor boat and expensive cars as well as carve up of horses.Another way that they differ is in the enjoyment that they get variance life. Daisy is very bored with her life doesnt seem to have much fun even though she has lots of money. Ive been lying on that sofa for as long as I can remember. This helps the reader pulp an image of her a person that has very few tasks to carry out. Throughout the course of the book it surfaces that although she has a comparatively meaningless existence. Myrtle on the other hand takes great pleasure in attempting to climb the social ladder. Although she makes attempts to appear bored the reader can see though these. It is apparent that she is delighted by the attention and complements that she gets while in the company of Tom.Daisy and Myrtle are discontented with the person that they are marrie d to. However they are so for different reasons. Daisy discontent stems from Toms love for another woman Myrtle, while Myrtle is dissatisfaction is there because he has married a man that she sees as a loser. He (her husband) is not gibe to lick my shoe, this sums up that way that she fells about her husband. Daisy takes the opposite view of the way the Tom is treating her. It couldnt be helped is her response when she finds out that Tom has another woman. She sees it as if it where fait that he would in the end love person other than her.Overall the reader can see that there is a sizeable difference between Daisy and Myrtle. These two characters are not entirely dissimilar because they both share some dissatisfaction with their husbands but have different ways of handle there discontent.

A Marketing Strategy

wellness is Wellness, Relieve Stress and Feel Better Today is an adage that or so people be adopting today to find relief from the stress and strains of a hard day in the workplace. More and to a greater extent people are increasingly realizing the importance of exercise and mental well organism in their daily lives. The growing number of people opting for social statuss to wellness clubs and local gyms are an indicator of changing life-style and health awareness. Unwinding in the gym at the end of a stressful day is familial on.The fact that people are well informed about the ills of an unhealthy lifestyle and the repercussions that it may commence on the body is one of the major factors contributing to the mushrooming of fitness and wellness services across the world. extravagantly stress levels at work and multi-tasking roles and responsibilities assumed by an individual are weaning away the talent levels and coping abilities. These are some of the other factors that bo ast led people to join the fitness and wellness centers. example can not only help maintain weight, avoid health problems that infect millions in the world today, relieve stress but also inf economic consumption a regain good and realize good attitude. A positive outlook to life and high energy levels to do things better are some of the side effects of following a strict fitness routine. The term wellness indicates the willingness to dispense stress, a good health score, and a positive attitude to life.Moreover the gym provides a political platform for social interactions that bring up the motivational levels for daily exercise. The gyms and spas that were considered a luxury lifestyle yesterday have become a severalize of the lifestyle today. The extra cost is not an important factor to those who commit in the wellness of the inner self. The health and wellness manufacturing is a billion dollar exertion having a simple product that appeals to whole a healthy lifestyle.Ex ecutive Summary The high receipts earning potential of this industry has offset many enterprises to launch healthcare and wellness service centers across the globe. atomic local gyms to luxurious health resorts have paved their success stories by enticing millions of clients with their personalized health and wellness programs. The changing dynamics of the industry has redefined the health and wellness concept. The industry now offers a native image change to its clients who want an overall improvement in their looks and physique.The Company BackgroundHealth to wealthiness Associates is one such set located in the heart of the Kansas City provides health solutions and fitness regimes for all age groups. The facility employs well-trained, certified staff with fitness equipment catering to the wide-ranging consumer needs. The ships company has invested in benignant interiors and latest gym equipment in a wide spread out area where clients can feel the relaxing ambience of the p lace. The facility offers Spa and massage services Personalized fitness programs with personal trainers Exercising in groups for higher motivational levels Diet and nutrition plans gym equipment for cardio and weight trainingThe company catchword Health is Wellness, Relieve Stress and Feel Better Today relates easily to the consumers and has helped tremendously in gaining popularity and attracting more clients. The company has witnessed an overall increase of 6% in tax revenue earnings in the past louver years of operation. The company endeavors to open two more locations in the next five-year period as part of its expansion program. Great location, high quality service from well-trained staff and an aggressive market penetration scheme has given this company a competitive edge over the other players in the industry.Market work up Analysis A swot analysis of the Health to Wealth Associates reveals the market dynamics that govern the industry trends.StrengthsWell-trained staff providing excellent customer service.The state of the art equipment catering to wide variety of client exercising requirements with personal trainers and fitness programsA well-designed spa with wide range of massages services with diet and nutritional counseling.WeaknessesThe facility can cater to only 30 clients at a time. The premium pricing of the services and membership fees as opposed to local gyms. Non-existent baby-sitting facilities for women with children. OpportunitiesPlans for expansion with more outlets opening in different geographical areas. A well-planned brand positioning and awareness marketing strategy using advertising and publicity sweats. Tie up with other leading nutritional supplements shops to entice the customers. Introduction of family-oriented fitness training programs to attract more customers accessory of baby-sitting facility or childrens play area. ThreatsLocal gyms and massage parlors offering services at cheaper rates. debut of leading brands and outlets in the vicinity. Enrolling enough members at the onset. Getting a steady supply of qualified and well-trained employees. This SWOT analysis highlights the issues and concerns that face the company along with the competitive and operational advantages that will steer the company in its aggressive marketing and promotional strategy.Market AnalysisA health and wellness center that offers holistic and healthy lifestyle and one that encompasses the three facets of health physical, emotional, and spiritual is required for a successful venture. The wage hike attraction of consumers towards gyms and spas has inculcated a healthy lifestyle that has become synonymous with healthy profits in the industry. It has been discover that people are not averse to paying more for quality and personalized services in this sector.This is one of the most attractive elements of the industry a high market demand and high revenue prospects. But the industry is capital-intensive. The high profile equipment and gadgets are essential capital investment items and cannot be compromised in terms of quality. The business requires substantial funds for start up though the returns are high.The key ingredients to discharge a successful venture is Well-trained and certified employees to ensure quality service.An aggressive and effective advertising campaign to create consumer awareness and entice more clients.As part of its market expansion strategy Health to Wealth Associates plan to adopt the following strategy to penetrate the market segmentEmploy health experts to counsel the needs and requirements of the clients. Rolling out membership schemes that provide the members with discounted services and free consultations. Introduction of client passes that will enable non-members to enjoy the services of the facility based on their income.Promotional campaigns for healthier lifestyle using the company slogan Health is Wellness, Relieve Stress and Feel Better Today. Health and wellne ss workshops for promoting the client base. A web site promoting the services of the facility. Tie up with nutritional supplement supplier as a strategy for client retention. Financial Projections The company has reported a 6% yearbook increase in revenues. Based on the last few years performance and the implementation of the above-named strategies the company projects an annual increase of 10% in the revenues earned in the next five years. The company envisages an increase of 8% in the net profit in the next two years of operation. culminationThe company should endeavor to capitalize on the growing fitness and wellness concept in the industry. Adopting changes in the service delivery, offering wide range of choices to the customer, and an aggressive advertising campaign to push the companys products will lure the consumer senses. The essence of success in this industry lies in identification of niche markets, use of updated technology and strategic partnerships with influential and well-known brands in the industry.References1. Living the Good Life http//www.goodlifefitness.com/newsletter.aspx accessed on eighteenth December,20072. The ISPA 2004 Spa Industry Study Executive Summary accessed on 18th December, 20073. How to Start a Gym http//ezinearticles.com/?How-to-Start-a-Gym&id=749346 accessed on 18th December, 20074. The menu of Spa Experiences accessed on 18th December, 20075. Gym Business Plan http//www.briangreens.com/gym-business/gym-business-plan/ accessed on 18th December, 2007

I had only come to America to make a small fortune – Creative Writing

Today was non a good day for me. Not many days are. It started out a warm day. The lie was shining and people where getting on with their sees, drive-bys, robbing banks and the normal nine to five jobs that where available. I dont live in a particularly nice place, Harlem, but at the moment I could only afford to live at that place. I walked out of my small one bedroom, cramped flat onto the coachy street and was on the itinerary to the hatful stop to get to work when two people came out of this instanthere and attacked me. They stole my handbag and ran away.After about five minutes I limped up glum the floor and continued my going to work. After that it was a slow and painful walk but I eventually reached the passenger vehicle stop. The bus arrived and I got on. I had to push my way to the bear out and had to stand up at the screen of the bus because there wasnt a free seat available. I glanced down at my watch and realised that I was already five minutes late for wor k. I had to try so hard to find a job and I didnt want to loose this one and go back to living on the streets.most people didnt want to hire a black person to even clean the dishes at a restaurant. There was always the option of cleaning the streets but I had only come to America to gear up a small fortune then I would conduct gone back home. But now I realise that life doesnt always turn out as you expected to. I worked in a small cafi. I didnt make much there but I could live off it. I got off the bus in a rush and ran down the street as unfluctuating as my nogs could carry me, ignoring the pain I was still in.The cafi I worked in was two blocks away from the bus stop so I was still kinda far away from it. I finally reached it. It was a small white building, which, was really in need of a clean and a paint job. I ran in the back door and started to get changed. My boss was standing at the door and he looked quite angry. I slowly walked up to him and cutd for being late. All I could think about was what he was tone ending to say to me. He had been the only person to give me a chance to work.I tried to apologise to him but he just told me to get my stuff and go home. I decided to walk back home. All I could think about was how back home in the morning you would wake up to the sound of the waves hitting the rocks and the smell of the salt from the sea. I thought about how friendly the people where there and missed the simplicity of life. I thought about the sun setting on the beach and sense of hearing to the sea slop around calmly over the gold and silver sand.How at night you sess smell the fresh sea air intertwined with the smells of the foods that people had prepared earlier for themselves , carried with the smell of the pure join that you got there, not the chemical stuff that you get in Harlem , thats sold on the street corners by the dealers. accordingly I thought about my home there. I wasnt much but to me it was more than I have in Harlem. I t was a little wooden hut. I continued to comfort myself as I solemnly walked back to my apartment. As I walked across a road a man stuck out his leg and tripped me over.I saw the man walk off and cars swerved around me trying not to run me over. I quickly got up and started to run home. I tried to avoid anyone I could see so that my journey back would be quicker. I knew that I was quite close to my apartment so I travel rapidly even more. I finally arrived and as I walked up the stairs people where staring at me. I got inside and felt so depressed. It was the type of feeling when your goalkeeper gets sent off in the 18th minute of the champions league final. Now all I want to do is go back to Jamaica and see my family but I cant afford it so all I have left over(p) is my memories of the past.

Development Education Essay

Individuals in connection, as they grow in their respective environments, in an endeavor to fulfill their needs, encounter some(prenominal) challenges environmental, social, economic, governmental and cultural. In everyday life so, they carry to introduce voluntarily or variedly to overcome them, otherwise they are bound to remain in the same state or dwindle even further. As such, there is need for individuals to participate actively in the development of their communities, their nations and the world as a social unit with a special reference to social, economic and policy-making awareness. Kenyans are not facing any different situations.For example, in the tuition sector, progress towards attaining universal primary winding education, which was initiated by the incumbent government in 2003, has had the rear of increasing the enrolment by two million children. Recent enrolment gains have benefited the girls, resulting in earnest gender parity. Despite these gains, re gional inequalities are pronounced, particularly in the enrolment of girls in the arid and semi-arid regions (Child, 2006). This curtain raising has had positive impact whereby the economic ability of the parents is not an excuse for failure to access basic education for their children.As the government endeavors to make this a reality, glaring issues should not be ignored. For example, the student-teacher ratio has increased, hence hampering slant of quality education. There is dire need therefore to employ more teachers. Resources in the schools such as text books, laboratory materials, computers among others are limited. What lingers in the minds of many is whether the introduction of free primary education was timely. Were economic issues such as the ability of the government to meet its obligation considered?If yes, would the education budgetary allocation weaken other pillar sectors of the economy such as Roads and Transport or Agriculture? may be the government would have to resort to external funding to finance its budget deficit, precisely with what implications? My aver experience is that, the growing numbers of students in the public schools have been unmanageable with the available resources being stretched to the limit. get on students have joined primary schools causing social tensions within the school environment. Since adult education create by mental act is in place, such students would have been encouraged to enroll in that programme.It is possible that this was a political egg on to show the whole world how our government is committed to providing education to all. Cultural issues have been a major impediment to provision of education to all. Some communities in Kenya do not encourage girls to take up education opportunities. Or even if they do, women are to play a specific role in society to do household chores, bring up the children and take care of their spouses. It is no wonder, therefore, that early marriages are electrostat ic rampant in certain communities. Some boylike girls fail to complete primary or junior-grade education because of early pregnancies.With such situations, realizing development is almost futile. The question is whether the government or the communities themselves have been or are committed. If yes, to what extent, and if no, then why and what are the implications? A case in point is in my inhabitation village, among the Giriama tribe in Kilifi District, Coast Province. Early pregnancies and marriages for the girls are rampant with little being done to the culprits. Those trustworthy for these ills in most cases are male adults, who are of sound mind. Hence, the noble effort of free primary education is not appreciated.In my opinion, the effort of the government and the local leaders in designing and implementing educational programmes for the citizens should involve the whole community. The adults could act as good examples, but they have to be sensitized on the importance of e ducation to all. If the adults embrace change, and they actively participate in implementing it, less or no young girls will fall victim to these unfortunate circumstances. Social development in Kenya has also been hampered by diseases such as HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis. The current rate of infection for HIV/AIDS is 6.1% of the adult people down from a prevalence rate of 16% in urban areas and 8% in inelegant areas in the late 1990s. This is an encouraging situation with support from the government and its agencies, such as the national assist Control Council and STDs Control Programme (NASCOP). (Child, 2006). What should not be ignored is about the victims themselves. How does the society engage them in economic, social and political growth of the country? There have been reported cases of stigma at the feed place, in schools, religious circles and political arenas.With the availability of Antiretroviral drug therapy, infected individuals can almost live their aboundi ng lives. It is therefore important for individuals to know their HIV status and be proactive in prevention of its spread. In Sub- Saharan Africa, Kenya has been placed 15th out of the 48 countries on good governance and economic counsel with an overall business leader of 59. 3. This index was pegged on the five pillars of good governance safety and security, rule of police force transparency and corruption, participation and human rights, sustainable economic opportunity and human development.(Otieno, 2001). This could be true however, the index used the 2005 data as the base caper hence it is subject to a variety of opinions presently. As often as we would like to appreciate this growth, the ordinary citizen is still facing enormous challenges. 60% of the Kenyan population is still surviving on less than 2 dollars per day. The Kenyan government has defined the poverty line as 17 dollars per month in the rural areas and 36 dollars in the urban areas. The country lacks copious food production and is vulnerable to unstable rain patterns.(Child, 2006). With these statistics, the country cannot boast of excellent economic growth. It is not surprising therefore that the governments domestic debt is growing twice as fast this course of instruction to seek more funds to finance social expenditure. At the community level, joblessness is still on the rise. As restructuring of government and private entities increases, more Kenyans are retrenched, rendering most of them poorer than they were before. Change is inevitable as companies manage to stay afloat in the market.However,alternative sources of income have to be provided or sought by the individuals themselves. For example, the government, through the Ministry of Local Government, has initiated the Rural Poverty Reduction and Local Government Support Programme (RPRLGSP) in providing light-headed drinking water, construction of schools, modern slaughter houses, solid waste management and rehabilitation (Ong wae, 2007). Some of these projects at the community level have provided a way of livelihood to the people. Citizens should not wait for government initiatives to participate in development.However, they need to be critically aware of the resources available within their environments and how to utilize them for their benefit. For example, instead of retired urbane servants depending on their children for financial support, they can come together, identify joint projects and may access loans from financial institutions to extend them off. Political structures on the other hand are a cornerstone to social and economic growth. Since independence in 1963, Kenya has had three heads of state. Political turbulences have been evident as the country struggles to embrace democracy.The state has witnessed a transition from a one party to a multi party system of government. Government officials have been associated with disdainful scale corruption malpractices taking the country to economic oblivion. A good example is the Anglo Leasing Scandal, where it was claimed that peckerions of shillings were paid to enigmatic companies within and abroad. The perpetrators of this vice have not been brought to book to date. It has been assumed that the law makers always enact laws to foster themselves.A bill was passed in parliament recently to stop the Kenya Anti Corruption Authority from probe and prosecuting the individuals with pending corruption cases before 2003, when the current government came into force. Evidently, the members of parliament may be protecting themselves. This therefore is a big challenge to the electorate as campaigns for elections due in December this year are in top gear. Politicians are shifting political alliances by the day and forming new ones. The current government was create under a coalition of parties.As politicians are criss-crossing the country to secure civic and parliamentary seats, many more parties are finding common grounds to merge. This could be seen as a practice of demonstrating their representative rights, though many questions linger about the seriousness of these individuals. Hence, should the electorate vote for the individuals by virtue of their political parties or the individuals ability to initiate development agendas? What of the politicians who give hand outs during campaign time? Do they realize that the citizens have problems only during the election year?Many promises have been made before by the same or other aspiring candidates. The performance of most of them has been dismal or at all. When they pass bills to reward themselves handsomely in salaries and allowances, who stands to benefit, them or the citizens? Is the economy stable enough to accommodate such hefty wage bill? The Kenyan politician in essence, has been known to be selfish to a larger extent. The electorate has to come to cost with this and cast a vote for a new politician who is likely to initiate social, economic and politic al change.The citizen has to be critical in this political process and participate in the voting process sagely come the December elections. It is clear from this discussion therefore, that it is the citizen who has to participate actively to initiate social, economic and political change. This has to be done with a critical analysis of all the forces in place. It could take time, development could be gradual, but finally, every citizen will take responsibility for their actions and become agents of change for a better future for the generations to come.References CHILD, K. (2006) The OneWorld Kenya exact Online http//uk. oneworld. net/guides/Kenya/development? gclid=CIHot73j3o4CFRtAgQodkThZPQ accessed on 18. 09. 07 ONGWAE, E. (2007) Initiative helps improve standards of life. Daily Nation 26 family 2007 p. 35 OTIENO, J. (2007) Kenya in League of 20 states, Daily Nation. Online. 26 September 2007. Available from http//www. nationmedia. com/dailynation/printpage. asp? newsid=107244 . Accessed 29 September 2007 Isaac Oyugi Samwel.