The American Pit Bull Terrier - 706 Words

In the State of Kentucky, The American Pit Bull Terrier is banned in the following cities: Alexandria, Augusta, Beaver Dam, Bracken County, Butler, Dayton, Eslmere, Falmouth, Fourt Thomas, Lewis County, Ludlow, Maysville, Pendleton County, Southgate, Walton, and Williamstown (DogsBite). All Pit Bulls in these areas are considered dangerous and will be removed from anyone caught with one and/or euthanized regardless of who owns them. Imagine, having a family member slaughtered because of the bad rep people assume the breed brings. This breed deserves a second chance at life. At first, the breed was considered a Nanny dog due to its loyal and friendly attitude towards children (Holland). Since the 80 s this name for Pit bulls went†¦show more content†¦The fighting alone is abuse, but the prepping for the fight itself is even more horrifying. Pit Bulls spend their lives in a small cage cooped up in filthy conditions. Trainers add weights to the Pit Bulls chain to strengthen the dogs upper body. The Pit Bulls are beaten and starved to increase their aggressiveness. Trainers force the Pit Bull to kill cats or rabbits as form of training to practice for the real deal. After fifteen months of training, the Pit Bull will participate in a roll where the Pit Bull fights another for ten minutes to test and seeif the dog is worth the trainers time anymore. If not, the dog is neglected or killed (Silverman 4). This a prime example that people are the problem, not the breed. Some may argue that the American Pit Bull Terrier was bred to fight and attack peopl e; however, it is the trainers who abuse and neglect the breed to make the breed trust no one. Through proper training from a professional trainer, the Pit Bull attacks would go down. The final road of a Pit Bull in most cities that ban them is the pound. Roughly 75% of shelters euthanize Pit Bulls once they are in their custody because that’s the law in that particular city (Leavitt). Euthanizing is when a drug is administered through the bloodstream of an animal to stop its heart (Dogtime). The ones that get lucky and bypass the euthanasia never getShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Paper on Pit Bulls1664 Words   |  7 PagesAre Pit-Bulls an overly vicious breed or are they just misunderstood by todays American society? Jessica Williams Strayer University ENG215046VA016 June 04, 2011 When you see a Pit bull, what is the first thing that goes through your mind? For some, it is a sense of fear and for others it is the thought that this breed is misunderstood. Have you ever stopped and thought about if the Pit bull breed is really a vicious breed, or are they just misinterpreted due to the reputation that othersRead MoreInterview : The Avid Pit Bull Owner Essay1098 Words   |  5 PagesInterview The interviewee, Prima Balford an avid Pit Bull owner, disclosed that she has owned Pit Bulls all of her life. When asked her why she decided to adopt a Pit Bull, she disclosed that it just kind of happened; her parent’s friends had them and she ended up getting one for free when she was just a child. She said after owning Pit Bulls, she could never imagine having another breed of dog. When asked about her overall experience with Pit Bulls she began talking about her dog Moe. According toRead MorePersuasive Speech Essay875 Words   |  4 Pagesthe audience that pit bulls are nice loving dogs. SPECIFIC PURPOSE: To persuade the audience that pit bulls are not naturally dangerous. CENTRAL IDEA: Pit bulls are just like any other dog. It depends on how a pit bull or any other breed of dog is nurtured to determine the characteristics of the dog. Pit bulls are very loving and obedient INTRODUCTION I. Do you have a dog? Does anyone have a pit bull? Well I happy to say that I am a proud owner of 2 blue pits. Their names are DiamondRead MoreThe Breeds Of The Breed1267 Words   |  6 PagesThough believe it or not, there is no such thing. Typically, there are around three to five different breeds that are considered pitbulls. The American Pit Bull Terrier, American Staffordshire Terrier, Staffordshire Bull Terrier, American Bulldog, and the Bull Terrier are the breeds that are considered pitbulls (Alvarado. 2016).  The Staffordshire Bull Terriers’ biological background will be the highlight of this research.   Specifically, their taxonomic group, characteristics of the species, developmentalRead MoreAnnotated Bib Essay1396 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Annotated Bibliography Working Thesis: Breed specific laws should not be considered in Maryland against pit bulls. â€Å"American Pit Bull Terrier.† Petmd.com. 5 Nov. 2013. Web. 6 Nov. 2013. This article gives detail on the the American Pit Bull Terrier such as the history, temperament, physical characteristics and personality. The article is broken down into sections such as to help you better understand the breed. It also highlights on awards and AKC certifications. The article is relevant becauseRead More My Pit Bull Essay1379 Words   |  6 PagesMy Pit Bull I.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pit bulls are outlawed in Miami-Dade County because of their vicious nature. A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1990, the American Pit Bull Terrier was outlawed in Miami Dade County. B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many reasons why we fear this particular breed and one reason is because we fear what we do not understand. C.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The pit bull dogs are outlawed in Miami Dade County because of the inbred susceptibility to attack other animals, and because of the danger posed to humans. II.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One stereo type of pitRead MoreThe Amendment Of Animal Control Laws On Pit Bull Ban1324 Words   |  6 Pageslaws on pit bull ban in Montreal has risen many controversial opinions related to matter as a â€Å"public safety† after the death of a 55-year-old woman by the brutal attack of dog which is thought as a pit bull. Pit pulls are regarded as American Staffordshire terriers, Staffordshire bull terriers, American pit bull terriers and any mix breed dogs that have a part of those breeds or a dog with similar physical characteristics. The legislation prohibits pit bull, restrains the existing pit bull and makesRead MoreMans Best Friend the Pit Bull1069 Words   |  4 PagesMan’s Best Friend Dogs have been a companion for humans throughout history. There are currently 161 breeds which are recognized by the American Kennel Club (AKC) registry (Why Purebred?, 2013). Add the total of mix breeds and the number of dogs the ASPCA rescues daily, and there are a countless number of dogs in the United States. Unfortunately, since dogs do not have the ability to speak, they use their mouths and paws to communicate. Dog bites happen. According to the ASPCA, there are approximatelyRead MoreThe Battle Of Horse Fights Pit Bull Terriers1623 Words   |  7 Pagesfights Pit Bull Terriers are viewed in a negative light. When the wrong owner gets a Pit Bull and withholds food and teaches the dog to fight it makes a very dangerous dog. Pit bulls are known for their bite strength and fearless personalities. Due to all the negative media, abusive and neglectful pit bull owners; the pit bull terriers are thought of as vicious and unsafe dogs to be around. Pit bull terriers are discrimina ted against due to a misconception of the breed itself. The name pit bull is slangRead MoreEssay on Pit Bulls1458 Words   |  6 Pages As an owner of an American pit bull terrier, I witness first hand how the pit bull is discriminated against on a daily basis. C. Audience Relation How many of you enjoy being categorized by the way you look? Just as we, as people, are evaluated, all animals need to be evaluated by its own qualities, not their appearance. D. Central Idea Today, I would like to take the time to refute the falsely made claims that have been made against the pit bull breed and provide you

America Has Apologized, By Mychal Massie - 883 Words

The first article that I chose was â€Å"America Has Apologized,† by Mychal Massie. It gave a history lesson that showed many flaws about reparations. Also, it points out some ideas that could hold out the reparation idea. One idea Mychal mentioned is that, â€Å"The United States didn’t invent slavery.† Assuredly, it gives us the real reason why slavery was introduced and how African people enslaved themselves. The other main point about the reparations is that there are already plenty of African Americans who are already rich. Mychal gives the idea that Oprah Winfrey, Michael Jorden, and Tiger Woods are billionaires. He also explains that there are many people that do not need reparations and that it will be hard to judge who should get the money. I personally do not agree with the reparations for African American slaves. I agree with a lot of what the articles had to say because it is just too late for slavery reparations. The African American population is huge and it will be hard to determine whose relative was really a slave. The other point I agree on is that the inner cities are not good places to be in, where it is filled with violence and drugs. Most of the people who lives in areas like these are African American so we would be giving money to drug dealers or to murderers. The second article is about President Obama trying to get reparations for African Americans in the United States by 2016. This is the last thing he wanted to accomplish in office. This article by

Competitive Analysis on Cinema Industry

Question: Discuss about the Competitive Analysis on Cinema Industry. Answer: Introduction: The Australian cinema industry has been experiencing the robust growth in recent years. Since 1980, the number of cinema screens has risen more than 150%. From 1980 to 2015, the cinema screens have increased 829 to 2080 (Sereen Australia, 2016). By analyzing the business report published in 2015, among 2080 screens, 1179 screens are digital screens. The number of screens is being increased every year, which indicate the expansion of the particular industry in an efficient manner. In this context, the external environmental analysis on the cinema industry has been discussed along with the competitive analysis. On the second part of the assignment, the competitive advantages of Hoyts cinemas have been highlighted in a detailed manner. The particular discussion has also included the analysis of companys key resources, capabilities, and competencies. External Environment analysis-Macro and Industry Level (Cinema industry) PESTEL analysis: Political: There are several laws for the cinema industry in Australia. According to the Australian government, the National classification guideline for films needs to be followed by the film makers to produce and present the films to the market. Moreover, the classification guideline for publication along with the authorization also creates boundaries for the cinema industry in Australia. In this context, the political factors indicate the tax policies, labor law, environmental law, trade restrictions, tariffs and political stability (Murray, 2012). The Australian government has been contributing the cinema industry in enhancing the business opportunities in an efficient manner. Due to the political legislations, the cinemas have faced challenges in expanding the business into the international market. Consequently, the organization would not be able to accumulate the high sales revenues from the market. It has been seen that the limited global presence is responsible for the limited market s hare (Crane, 2014). Hence, it can be assessed that without political support, the organization would not be able to experience the profitable outcome. On the other hand, the cinemas pay high taxes to the Australian government. Subsequently, it facilitates in strengthening the national economic development. Economical: The economic factors include the economic growth, interest rates, exchange rate and the inflation rate (Dunleavy Joyce, 2012). The taxation changes need to be done in order to enhance the industrial growth in an efficient manner. The Australian government would decrease the tax percentage so that new development can be happened in the particular areas. After decreasing the taxation on the film industry, more new ventures will start producing films in Australia, which would adversely facilitate the government in enhancing the national economic strength. On the other hand, the economic crisis can affect the particular industry in enhancing the business opportunities in an efficient manner. Due to the economic crisis, most of the new organizations face challenges in producing more productive films in Australia. By analyzing the annual report of the organization, it can be assessed that the company earned the gross sales of $417 million in 2013-2014. The huge profit margin facilitates t he organization in enhancing the economic growth of the country. There are also some issues related to Australian foreign trade deficit. Besides this, the rising cost of the advertisement has created challenges in executing the business in an efficient manner. The inflation rate in the Australia was 2.0 percent to 3.0 percent on average in 2016 (Cunningham Silver, 2012). On the other hand, the changes in the Australian Taxation system have created difficulties for the Cinema industry in enhancing the business opportunities in an appropriate manner. Social: Over the past few years, the entertainment values have increased in Australia. Hence, it provides adequate opportunities to the cinema organization for experiencing the high growth in the business. For example, the Hoyts industry has been operating 450 screens across both Australia and New Zealand (Hoyts, 2016).Due to the high social demand; the Hoyts cinemas have been experiencing enhanced sales revenues in the business. On the other hand, the increasing influence of the internet has improved the social life. Besides this, the increasing importance of the work-life balance would also facilitate the organization in including extra business tools. There are some positive and negative impacts of cinema on the society. By discussing the positive impacts of cinema on society, it can be assessed that the cinema often provides social messages to the society so that it could improve the culture of the society. Besides this, due to the cinema industry, many societal people get opportunities for being employee of the industry. Consequently, it indeed facilitates in reducing the unemployment issues. On the contrary, there are some negative impacts of cinema industry on the society. For example, some cinema spreads violence among the young group of people in the society. Hence, it ruins the normal living. Technological: Over the past decade, the cinema industry has experienced many technological implementations. Consequently, the demand of the cinema industry has changed. For instance, the increasing demand for the 3D technology has facilitated the cinemas to bring anew dimension to the cinema lovers (Cunningham, 2013). With the involvement of the technological implementation, the cinema industry has experienced the high sales revenues. For obtaining the profitable outcome from the business, most of the cinema companies in Australia have included digitalization method for filming. In a recent business report, it has been published that the out of 2080 cinema screens, only 1179 screens are digital (Sereenaustralia.gov.au, 2016). Hence, it can be identified that the Australian government needs to focus on developing the cinema industry so that it could deliver high revenue in return. Ecological: Environmental issues are associated with the global warming. Moreover, it also includes other factors such as weather, climate, and climate change (McKenzie Walls, 2013). It may damage the industry. Without having the appropriate weather, the cinema cannotbe shot in a proper manner. Subsequently, it creates challenges for the cinema industry to produce more films for enhancing the business opportunities within the short timeline. Legal: Sometimes, the licensing issues create challenges for the cinema industry to experience the profitable outcome in an efficient manner. Due to the legal issues, the cinema industry in Australia has been facing difficulties in retaining the high sales revenues (Turner, 2013). On the other hand, most of the cinema companies in Australia have been facing challenges in operating their business in the foreign market due to the legal barriers. Hence, the Australian government needs to develop these key highlighting areas of the particular industry. Figure 1: Growth of Cinema Screens in Australia (Source: Sereenaustralia.gov.au 2016) Porters five forces analysis: Threat of new entrants: HIGH Due to the high demand for the entertainment, the threat of new entrants is very high. In the Australian market, cinema industry has been growing in a robust manner (Connell, 2012). For instance, the cinema screens in Australia have risen by 150 percent between 1980 and 2015. Hence, it can be identified that the cinema industry has been growing in an efficient manner. The screens number has been rising 150 to 175 per year. The enhanced demand for the entertainment indicates the high threats of new entrants to the existing cinema organization. Due to the significant economic crisis, most of the new entrants face challenges in establishing their business in the market. Besides this, the reputation of existing company would create difficulties for them to obtain high sales revenue within the short timeframe. Moreover, it becomes difficult for the new entrants for grabbing enhanced technological access and proper location for the business. although the new entrants are increasing in numb ers, they have to face several challenges at the initial stage of business establishment. Bargaining power of Suppliers: HIGH Bargaining power of suppliers is high, due to the low number of cinema screens available in the country. The suppliers are the distributors of the films. Due to the high demand of cinema screens, most of the companies have to bargain with the movie distributors. Sometimes, the distributors demand high amount due to accumulate high profit from the movies. Due to the low number of screens, sometimes, the low budget movies face challenges in obtaining the adequate number of cinema screens (Danaher Waldfogel, 2012). Technology also indicates unusual competitors of the particular industry. Although the bargaining power of the supplier is high, they also might face challenges for retaining their high demand due to the low infrastructures of some cinemas located in the nation. Sometimes, the distributor has to decrease their demand for distributing the 3D movie prints, as the half of the Australian cinema screens are yet to be digitalized (Cartwright, 2013). Threats of substitute: LOW The substitute of the cinema industry is theaters, drama, and other acting activities. Over the past few decades, the demand of the theaters has significantly decreased. In these days, most of the audiences prefer cinema for getting entertained rather watching the theaters. However, the Australian government has been providing adequate support to the theaters and drama companies for retaining the tradition in an efficient manner (Mould, 2014). On the other hand, the substitute of the cinema indicates other fun activities including street plays, stage performance, etc. Hence, it can be assessed that the increasing demand of the cinema industry plays an integral role in decreasing the threat of substitute. Bargaining of power of buyers: HIGH The bargaining power of the buyer is immense, as there is no switching cost for the audience to change the cinema hall at any point of time. Due to the high bargaining power, most of the cinema halls try to uphold the decent pricing policy (Khoo, Smaill Yue, 2013). On occasion, the cinema theaters provide adequate discounts to the customers for enhancing the profit margin within the short timeframe. Consequently, the audiences obtain high opportunities to change the option easily. On the contrary, it creates a competitive situation in the market, where every cinema company tries to deliver the best possible services at an affordable cost. Rivalry among existing: HIGH In the global platform, the entertainment industry has been experiencing the immense growth due to the increasing demands. Hence, the new cinema companies have to face huge challenges in executing business into the existing market. There are some groups of cinema rule the Australian entertainment market. For instance, the Hoyts group is the second largest cinema chain in Australia. It has more than 450 screens across Australia. Consequently, it has high brand value in the entertainment industry (Hoyts, 2016). Most of the new cinema organizations face difficulties in enhancing the business opportunities within the short timeframe. At the initial stage of the business, the organization could face achallenging situation in engaging the audience. Over the past few years, the competition in the Australian cinema industry has risen. Besides Hoyts group, there are other cinema organizations including Wallis Cinemas, Palace Cinemas. Consequently, it indicates the high chance of rivalry for n ew entrants. Figure 2: Porters Five Forces on Cinema industry (Source: Created by author) Analysis of the firms Key resources, capabilities, and competencies: Hoyts Cinemas Key resources: The Hoyts is an Australian group of companies. It includes the Hoyts Exhibition, HoytsKiosk, and Val Morgan. By discussing the key resources of the company, it can be assessed that the particular organization includes 450 screens across 40 Australian and 10 New Zealand cinema complexes. It is the second largest cinema chain in Australia. The organization was established on 29thSeptember 1909 (Hoyts, 2016). Hence, it can be assessed that the particular organization has a high brand value in the market. The headquarter of the organization is located in Sydney, Australia. At the initial stage, the particular organization had faced challenges in expanding the business in an effective manner due to the lack of financial resources (de Valck, 2013). However, the continuous growth has facilitated the organization to experience the high growth in the industry. In June 2015, Wanda Cinema Line, the worlds largest cinema chain operator, acquired the organization. Capabilities: By analyzing the recent growth of the company, it can be assessed that the particular organization has high capabilities of making a high profit in future. Hoyts has more than 4000 employees, who deliver their best performance for providing the enhanced experiencing to the audience. It has been reported that the Hoyts has earned $417 million gross earning as of March 2014 (Hoyts, 2016). Hence, it clearly indicates the capabilities of the company. On the contrary, the Australian Taxation Office has evaluated that the company has avoided paying tax. Competencies: The Hoyts has high competencies in enhancing the business opportunities within the short timeframe. By discussing the features of the cinemas, it can be identified that the particular organization has several facilities including Hoyts Lux, Recliner Cinemas, Xtremescreen, Hoyts IMAX, Bean Bag Cinema and D-Box. Hence, it can be evaluated that the organization has included several dimensions of the cinemas for providing enhanced theater experience to the audiences. Feedback- Make heading for Key resources, capabilities, and competencies and use theory to support this from book contemporary strategy analysis by Robert m. grant. By discussing the contemporary strategies in context to the book written by Robert m Grant, it can be assessed that there is a link between the organization and its environment. The firm executes the business based on the goals and values, resources capabilities and structure and systems. On the other hand, the industry environment depends on the competitors, customers and the suppliers. Hence, the idea of strategy shaping an interface between the organization and its environment develops the organizing framework for the competitive strategy analysis. in this context, the goals, values of the Cinema company provides a direction for developing contemporary strategy analysis. The strategy analysis would be focusing on the competitors, customers and the suppliers. Figure 3: The basic frame work (Source: Grant, 2016) Identify the approaches for generating competitive advantages: For obtaining the sustainable competitive advantages, most of the organizations have been focusing on including the enhanced technology. With the involvement of improved technology, the organization could enhance the business opportunities in an effective manner. For example, nowadays, 3d movies have been making extra attraction to the audiences. Hence, new cinema organizations, which do not have the potential technology, could face challenges in enhancing the customers base. On the other hand, the cost advantages is also responsible for the upholding t he competitive advantage in the business. Besides this, the product differentiation is also responsible for making extra advantages for this particular industry. However, the product or service differentiation is largely dependent on the technological advancement. Without including the effective technological tools, the cinema organizations would not be able to obtain the competitive advantages. Hence, it can be assessed that the mix of both cost advantages and product or service differentiation facilitates in upholding the competitive advantages in the business. The Hoyts is the second largest cinema chain in Australia. The organization was established in 1909, nearly 100 years ago. Hence, the organization a huge brand value in the domestic market as well as in New Zealand. The high brand value is its prime competitive advantage that facilitates it in experiencing the high growth in the industry. By analyzing the key advantages of the business, it can be assessed that the particular company has over 450 screens across 40 Australian and 10 New Zealand cinema complexes (Osuri Ghosh, 2012). Besides this, the advertising platform of the company named Val Morgan has been dominating the cinema advertising market with over 95% of market share. Hence, the particular organization has astrong advertising platform that facilitates thecompany in expanding the products and service related information to the large domestic m arket as well as in the international platform including New Zealand. Moreover, the Hoyts is the largest film distributor in Australia. Consequently, it is the biggest competitive advantage of the company, as it facilitates the organization in enhancing the business opportunities in an efficient manner (Doring, 2014). The particular company has been distributing independent films through television, theatrical, and home entertainment channels. Hence, it can be assessed that the competencies of the organization facilitate them in dominating the Australian film industry in an efficient manner. Although the particular organization has high capabilities, it has some competitors including Village, Greater Union, Wallis Cinemas, Place cinemas, etc. However, these competitors belong to the exhibition business. On the other hand, the company has gained themore competitive advantage after the emergence with Wanda Cinema Line, the largest property developer in China and it is the worlds large st cinema chain operator. The Wanda Cinemalines huge financial resource that facilitates the organization in enhancing the business opportunities in an easy way (Bye, 2013). Moreover, it would contribute the organization in expanding the business to the large demographic areas as well as in the foreign market. Internal and external factors shaping up the firms Strategy: The Hoyts group is an Australian group of companies that has several businesses including HoytsExhibition, Hoyts Kiosk, and Val Morgan. By discussing the internal factors, it can be assessed that the organization has adequate financial resources that facilitate them in enhancing the business opportunities in an efficient manner. Over the past few decades, the value of the entertainment has been increasing robustly (Arbuckle, 2013). Consequently, it becomes beneficial for the particular organizations. Hoytsgroup of industry has the high internal strength that enables them in expanding the business to the large demographic areas as well as international market. The prime strategy of the organization is to enhance the sales revenue in both domestic and international market. For achieving the particular goal of the company, the management has focused on their internal opportunities. By discussing the internal strength, it can be assessed that the organization has 4000 full-time employees . Moreover, it engages 450 screens across 40 Australian and 10 New Zealand cinema complexes. The prime advertising arm of the company is Val Morgan, which dominates the cinema advertising market with over 95% market share (Sereenaustralia.gov.au, 2016). It indicates the internal strength of the organization. It allows the organization to take up new strategic approaches for the enhancement of the business in an efficient manner. Besides the internal factors, there are some external factors facilitating the organization in shaping up the strategic implementation. The external factors include political, social, economical, technological, legal and ecological factors. The political factors depend on the Australian market as well as New Zealand market. The organization has been operating its services through domestic market and New Zealand cinema complex. The particular organization is executing its business since 1906 (Hoyts. 2016). Hence, it can be identified that the organization has accumulated adequate financial resources and brand value in the domestic and international market. However, the company has been caught by the Australian Tax Companyfor not paying any tax for the session of 2013-2014. It creates difficulties in retaining the brand values in the market. Over the past few decades, the cinema industry has experienced robust technical change due to the power of invention (Murray, 2012). For instance, the popularity of 3D technology has risen to the extreme limit, and it facilitates the cinema industry to earn a huge amount of revenue from the market. For fulfilling the technological demand, The Hoyts cinemas has included enhanced technologies including Xtremescreen, Hoyts IMAX, etc. Moreover, the Hoyts Exhibition has replaced entire film equipment with the digital cinema equipment within the 18 months of timeframe. Hence, it can be assessed that the management has focused on their strategic implementation depending on the market demand. References Arbuckle, K. (2013). Australian film explores China's obsession with Bordeaux wine.Australian and New Zealand Grapegrower and Winemaker, (595), 22. Barbieri, N. (2012). Why does cultural policy change? Policy discourse and policy subsystem: a case study of the evolution of cultural policy in Catalonia.International Journal of Cultural Policy,18(1), 13-30. Bye, S. (2013). World film locations: Melbourne [Book Review].Media International Australia, Incorporating Culture Policy, (148), 170. Cartwright, W. (2013). Applying the theatre metaphor to integrated media for depicting geography.The Cartographic Journal. Connell, J. (2012). Film tourismEvolution, progress and prospects.Tourism management,33(5), 1007-1029. Crane, D. (2014). Cultural globalization and the dominance of the American film industry: cultural policies, national film industries, and transnational film.International journal of cultural policy,20(4), 365-382. Cunningham, S. (2013).Hidden innovation: Policy, industry and the creative sector. University of Queensland Press (Australia). Cunningham, S. D., Silver, J. (2012). On-line film distribution: Its history and global complexion.Digital Disruption: Cinema Moves Online, 33-66. Danaher, B., Waldfogel, J. (2012). Reel piracy: The effect of online film piracy on international box office sales.Available at SSRN 1986299. deValck, M. (2013). Sites of initiation: Film training programs at film festivals. InThe education of the filmmaker in Europe, Australia, and Asia(pp. 127-145). Palgrave Macmillan US. Dring, C. (2014). The British Film Industry and Hollywood: Joint Venture for British Heritage Films. Dunleavy, T., Joyce, H. (2012).New Zealand film and television: Institution, industry and cultural change. Intellect Books. French, L. (2014). Gender then, gender now: surveying women's participation in Australian film and television industries.Continuum,28(2), 188-200. Grant, R. M. (2016).Contemporary strategy analysis: Text and cases edition. John Wiley Sons. Hoyts. (2016).Hoyts. Retrieved 22 September 2016, from https://www.hoyts.com.au/ Khoo, O., Smaill, B., Yue, A. (2013).Transnational Australian Cinema: Ethics in the Asian Diasporas. Lexington Books. McKenzie, J., Walls, W. D. (2013). Australian films at the Australian box office: performance, distribution, and subsidies.Journal of Cultural Economics,37(2), 247-269. Mould, O. (2014). Mediating the city: The role of planned Media cities in the geographies of creative industry activity.Hub Cities in the Knowledge Economy: Seaports, Airports, Brainports. Murray, S. (2012).The adaptation industry: The cultural economy of contemporary literary adaptation(Vol. 32). Routledge. Osuri, G., Ghosh, D. (2012). /cinema: an archive of politics and pleasures.Continuum,26(6), 799-802. Sereen Australia (2016) Screens and theatres - Industry trends - Cinema - Fact Finders - Screen Australia. (2016).Screen Australia. Retrieved 22 September 2016, from https://www.screenaustralia.gov.au/fact-finders/cinema/industry-trends/screens-and-theatres Turner, G. (2013). Keynote Address: Australian Literature and the Public Sphere.Journal of the Association for the Study of Australian Literature, 1-12.

Raise the Red Lantern

Raise the Red Lantern directed by Yimou Zhang is full of symbolism as many other Chinese films. The director employs a variety of tools to convey such ideas as freedom and dependence, doom and luck, friendship and betrayal, life and death. The sequence under analysis reveals the protagonist of the film, Songlian, who witnesses the murder of the second concubine of the master. The sequence ends with the protagonist’s screams.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Raise the Red Lantern specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This sequence is also very symbolic as it reveals females’ position in the society of those days. Females were treated as things that could be removed if they were not needed. Zhang uses a number of cinematographic tools to articulate his message. It is possible to consider two shots which are conspicuous in terms of the cinematographic tools used. One of the shots, Shot A, depicts the servant s dragging the second concubine to the door of the dark room. The other shot, Shot B, depicts the protagonist’s face when she is approaching the dark room. Some of the major tools used to convey the idea of inferiority, lack of knowledge and despair in these shots are certain camera angles, a specific color scheme and depiction of complicated architecture. Architecture is used as one of the major symbols in the sequence. Zhang reveals the idea of the complicated life the Chinese female in the early twentieth century had to live (see Fig. 1). The protagonist of the film finds herself in the huge house which has lots of rules and secrets. The protagonist follows the people dragging the poor woman. Scene A represents the maze of the architecture and the end of the second concubine (see Fig. 1). The complicated architecture stands for women’s unawareness of their true position and their subordinate roles. Songlian will have to go through different passages to find out the truth and this way is a symbol of her own reasoning. She is wondering in her doubts as she does not understand her place in this house and she does not understand whether she is ready to accept it. However, her long way will end near a small room where the second concubine is hanged. This small room is also a representation of the inferior position of the woman who is placed in a tiny room to die (or rather to be killed). Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Figure 1: Shot A. Servants drag the second concubine to hang The sequence in question is remarkable for the use of color. To convey the idea of ambiguity and uncertainty, Zhang uses dimmed grey and blue color. It is snowing and there is almost no sun light. It is necessary to note that even snow is not white. It only adds obscurity to the scene. The protagonist is wondering in her doubts and she does not see the picture clearly. She does not understand what the real position of a woman is. She is walking through dimmed passages to find out the truth. It is also necessary to stress that there is almost no black color. Zhang emphasizes that even though women had to live in complete darkness (or rather blackness), they could not clearly understand it. Women of that period did not see that they were confined to certain roles. Women were wondering in the dusk. The dimmed color scheme stands for Songlian’s unawareness of the second concubine’s destiny and her own future. The scene is also characterized by a specific camera angle. It is a long shot which is used to show the dimmed future of women. Songlian can see everything from certain distance and she only understands that there is something bad and wrong, but she does not see what exactly is going on. Figure 2: Shot B. Songlian approaches the room where the second concubine was hanged At the same time, Scene B shows Songlian’s face (see F ig.2). The young woman is hesitating. She is afraid of what she can see. However, she still goes to the room to see what they have done to the second concubine. Her face reveals her fear and her doubts. She is afraid to find out the truth but she is determined to do it no matter what.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Raise the Red Lantern specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Notably, Zhang employs the same tools as in the scene A. The prevailing colors are grey and blue. There is no bright light. Of course, there is no depiction of architecture as close-up is used. However, the walls in the background remind the viewer of the maze. The walls in the background suggest that the protagonist is in a certain cage. These two scenes help Zhang create the contrast. Thus, there is a long wondering to learn the truth and there is some inner state (fear, hesitation and determination). The two scenes are central to the film as t his is the point where Songlian understands that she is doomed to be treated as a thing. She also understands that women are treated as inferior creatures that do not deserve much respect. Zhang also employed quite specific camera angles. The long shot depicts the people dragging the woman (see Fig. 1), whereas the close-up (see Fig. 2) reveals Songlian who is following the men. The long shot helps reveal the idea of certain distance. Thus, the protagonist is alienated from what is happening. She is watching everything at certain distance. However, Zhang focuses on Songlian’s feelings, i.e. her anxiety, hesitation, fear, reluctance and eagerness to find out what is going on. The close-up helps Zhang reveal the protagonist’s emotions. On balance, it is possible to note that the shots in question focus on the idea of females’ inferiority in the society which is conveyed with such tools as the use of a particular color scheme, the use of specific camera angles and symbolic depiction of complicated architecture. Zhang manages to recreate the world of the protagonist who is imprisoned in a complicated structure of a building and a complicated structure of the Chinese society of the early twentieth century. This essay on Raise the Red Lantern was written and submitted by user Vicente Walters to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Raise the Red Lantern

Storytelling in the Hook for Your Research Paper Statement

Storytelling in the Hook for Your Research Paper Statement Storytelling in the Hook for Your Research Paper Statement A research paper statement is a short passage explaining what your paper is about. Take some time to write out a clear and accurate thesis statement because it will show how well you have understood your research goals and whether you were able to implement them accurately. Characteristics of a Great Research Paper Statement Usually included at the end of the first paragraph of a paper, the statement should: be very specific- Include exactly and only what you will discuss in the paper; hook the reader immediately; be revised as your work progresses; accurately reflect what kind of paper it represents (analytical, expository, argumentative or narrative); tell the reader how you plan to interpret the significance of your subject matter; serve as a road map for the rest of the paper; answer a specific question; include a claim that is open to dispute. Why Bother Creating a Hook? A hook is a creative way to grab your reader’s attention and compel them to keep on reading. This makes perfect sense in terms of normal storytelling. But why take this approach while writing a research statement? Isn’t it the instructor’s job to read the entire paper anyway? These are perfectly valid questions, but the answer to them all is simple. The fact is that this effort expended will improve your grade. And will also help you remain very clear about what work you have done and how valuable your research is. Your ability to convince the reader to keep on reading largely depends on your hook, so take your time in composing a clear hook for your research statement. Clueless at Creating a Hook? Try the Storytelling Approach Stories are entertaining and people love them. By creating a simple but effective hook almost guarantees that you will immediately capture your readers attention. A hook works best when used at the beginning of your research statement; it can even be the first sentence if you want. How to Create a Story This is the most difficult part, but we’ll make it easy for you. Firstly, do not just tell your readers what happens, but show them with the help of words. You should select a setting and make sure the background is clear. Your characters are next and they must be relevant and relatable in addition to being clearly explained (this is a research paper statement after all). This all makes the main core of the story, and if this is weak the whole story would fall flat. The next step is to take the story forward, once your readers know what it is all about, it is time to introduce the conflict that makes your story interesting. However, the conflict should be for a reason and your readers must know of it so they can get invested into the story. Also, if it is possible, try to make it interactive with a hook ending. What Makes a Hook Effective? The human brain is curious and an effective hook piques our curiosity. Anything which grabs our attention will automatically make us want to learn more about it. Good hooks that are based on storytelling elements can be effective in pulling in your readers/professors even if the piece of writing is not a story. Persuading a reader to lend their precious time to your thoughts is not easy to do. Appeal to the senses- use visual and vibrant language. Don’t overuse flowery language; it often has a negative effect on the clarity of your ideas. Use a strong statement about a topic. State a rarely known and/or significant statistic. Make an exaggeration or outrageous statement. Open the statement with a question. Storytelling is a useful skill to learn and the elements from it transfer over easily to academic writing styles. It is never a good idea to bore your reader, no matter how dry or dull the general subject is, it is always readable if presented in an interesting manner. At you will be provided with professional research paper help  from academic experts you can easily hire online.

Intrinsic vs. Inherent

Intrinsic vs. Inherent Intrinsic vs. Inherent Intrinsic vs. Inherent By Maeve Maddox A reader wants guidelines for the use of these two words: I’ve read every explanation I can find but I’m still trying to clarify how to best choose the appropriate context in which to use the word intrinsic versus inherent.† The adjectives inherent and intrinsic are synonyms. Both convey the idea of an inborn, essential aspect of something, an element that exists within a person or thing because of its very nature. A web search indicates that inherent is used more frequently than intrinsic, bringing up twice as many hits for inherent (79,500,000) as for intrinsic (40,800,000). Both words are found in discussions of rights, but â€Å"inherent rights† is more common with 415,000 search results than â€Å"intrinsic rights† with 35,300. Here are typical uses: The Government of Canada recognizes the inherent right of self-government as an existing Aboriginal right under section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982.   Many promoters of health-care reform believe that people have an intrinsic ethical right to health care. There is no such thing as an inherent right to health care. Today, family planning is almost universally recognized as an intrinsic right. Students must recognize that nobody has an inherent right to an advanced education. Inherent comes from a Latin verb that means, â€Å"to stick in† or â€Å"adhere to.† â€Å"An inherent characteristic† is one that is embedded in the thing that possesses it. Intrinsic comes from a Latin word meaning â€Å"inwards.† â€Å"An intrinsic characteristic† is something that belongs to the thing itself. Like the reader who posed the question, I feel that there is a subtle difference between the two, but cannot postulate a clear distinction. In many contexts they do seem to be interchangeable, but not in all. I’m more likely to talk about the â€Å"intrinsic value† of a thing than its â€Å"inherent value,† but I’d say with the International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights that â€Å"Every human being has the inherent right to life.† This pair of words may have more precise meanings in a scientific context, but in general usage, the choice seems to rest with the speaker. If in doubt, perhaps you’d find one of the following a better choice for your purpose than either intrinsic or inherent: innate immanent built-in in-dwelling inborn ingrained deep-rooted essential fundamental basic structural organic natural instinctive instinctual congenital native inbred connate deep-seated indelible ineradicable integral Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Computer Terms You Should KnowThe Difference Between "will" and "shall"Proverb vs. Adage

Synthesis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Synthesis - Essay Example However, she dislikes the criticisms from the judges. On the other hand, Amy Tan dislikes the use of ‘broken’ and says that it shows negativity. Although she uses this word to describe her mother’s language, she dislikes it and says she is looking for a better one to use. To her, ‘broken’ cannot be used in a good way unlike for Nancy, who sees it as good sometimes. There is a common ground on diversity as both writers highly value it and are happy that it is seen. The engaging of Indian woman in ANTM and having black plus size models in the contests is a good thing to Nancy. Amy wants more Asian Americans and Chinese people to engage in writing and not just concentrate in medicine and engineering fields. She argues that joining the writing field with her ‘broken’ English cuts all odds. Despite her teacher saying that writing is not something she could do, she went ahead and proved him wrong. The way her mother was treated in restaurants shows that people do not take their time to understand other people with different cultures. Consequently, this emphasizes the need to embrace cultural diversity (Franklin). Diversity is a show of variety in people’s culture, behavior and style. According to Nancy Franklin, America’s Next Top Model has more diversity among contestants’ than other reality shows. People from different cultures participate in the contest: for instance, an Indian woman in one of the cycles really set a stepping stone to others since not many Indians are found in this field. Indian women show them that being engineers or doctors is not the only career they can take. It also has plus size models and several blacks who made it to the semi-finals. Banks embraces diversity in all sectors which is so evident. This plays a great role in helping women love their bodies, thus boosting self-esteem. Banks starts ANTM to look for a girl who has diversity, can do many different things, pass different challenges and can fit in different

Environment xenoestrogens Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Environment xenoestrogens - Essay Example Until now, the focal area of endocrine disruption has been on the chemicals that mimic oestrogens (xenoestrogens). But, the recent proof suggests that quite a number of abnormalities in the human breast could be interceded by means of the androgen receptor. The main identified risk factor remains lifetime exposure to oestrogen. In view of the involvement of oestrogen in the development, progression and treatment of breast cancer, questions have to be asked concerning potential interactions of the many chemicals in the environment which can be stored in breast tissues and which can mimic the action of oestrogen. The source of such compounds can be dietary, from plants (phytoestrogens) or from environmental contaminants of food/water (xenoestrogens) but I have proposed that an alternative route for exposure may be through the long-term regular application to the underarm of a variety of cosmetic ingredients with oestrogenic activity. The molecular basis of oestrogen action involves the interaction of the oestrogenic ligand with intracellular oestrogen receptors, ER' and ER', which function as ligand-activated transcription factors to alter the expression patterns of hundreds of genes and to regulate growth of human breast cancer cells. This project will compare the ability of different oestrogenic ligands to bind to ER, to regulate gene expression and to increase cell growth. A substantial literature search will be used to identify the oestrogenic potency of the many oestrogenic ligands which can enter the human breast and calculations will be carried out to estimate exposure of the human breast to individual chemicals and to complex mixtures of chemicals. Much of the existing focal point in the field of endocrine disruption is in the backdrop of the oestrogenic action of a variety of artificial chemicals. The capability of a chemical to unite to the oestrogen receptor, either in vitro or in vivo, has been in use as an explanation of oestrogenicity. The concern is that whether exposure to the chemicals which have steroid-like action can disturb the regular endocrine function, which can lead to distorted reproductive capacity, endometriosis, infertility, and cancers of the uterus, breast, and prostate (Colborn 1995, Jensen et al.1995, Safe 1995). The occurrence of a powerful anti-androgen can actually create an 'oestrogenic environment', thereby producing indications which directs to oestrogen exposure. Vertebrates generate steroids through a system which inhabits the chronological degradation of cholesterol to progestins, hence androgens (e.g. testosterone) and finally oestrogens (e.g. 17'-oestradiol). This pathway is available

What Is Teaching Essay Example for Free

What Is Teaching Essay Teaching is to provide instructions and knowledge to someone. The term teaching is commonly used to name the set of activities which someone intentionally undertakes to guide someone to learn something. The overall purpose of teaching is getting someone to truly understand what it is that is being taught. An example of teaching is my mother teaching me how to properly cook curry chicken her goal was to teach me how to cook the curry without burning it; she used to say â€Å"burnt curry ruins the pot†. Learning is the acquiring of knowledge, skills, values and behaviors by study, experience of instructions. The imparting of knowledge is known as teaching, but when the teaching is introduced in a formal setting it becomes education. Therefore, they all go hand-in-hand. Teaching should be about listening, questioning, being responsive and remembering that everyone learns differently. It is about presenting concepts to be clearly understood by all, not just facts. A good teacher should help his/her students see the connections between the facts. It should peak the interest of the learner. Often times students are asked to memorize a lot of information in order to pass a test, sounds crazy right; but it is true. Students today are more focused on only what they need to know to pass the class. The question is have they really learned anything? If the test is passed does that ensure the student has learned the material or merely just memorized it? J. S. Atherton (2011) wrote that â€Å"students are also learning from other sources including colleagues and the sheer experience of being in the educational system†. In my own personal experience it was how the subject was presented that determined the extent of my learning. I remember one day in science class my teacher was telling the class about clouds and tornadoes and to be honest I really wasn’t paying attention until he said today we are going to make OUR own tornadoes. It was from that time on that I learned that I learn best by hands on experiences and examples. My teacher was effective in his teaching but he reached more of his class because he knew that some of us would do better by being shown the lesson. According to Bloom’s Taxonomy (1956), there are three domains in the learning process: cognitive, affective and psychomotor. The cognitive domain involves the knowledge and development of intellectual skills. The affective domain is concerned with growth in feeling or emotional area. The psychomotor domain involved manual or physical skills. An educated person must show mastery in each of these categories. Therefore, to me teaching is the passing of knowledge to students (cognitive) to help them better themselves thru motivation and learning (affective) so that they may improve the future. J. S Atherton (2011) also wrote that â€Å"learning is about change in behavior. † Does this mean that when we know better we automatically do better? Does this change come from learning or teaching? In summation teaching should encourage questions on what is being taught, it should encourage students to think outside the box and it should peak the interest of those who are learning. A good teacher is basically the key that can unlock a mind of hidden treasures.

College Should Provide the Tools Needed to Live in our World Essay

College Should Provide the Tools Needed to Live in our World Every year, hundreds of thousand of high school students go to a place of higher learning, be it a community college or a high standing world-renowned University. To get accepted to these places of higher learning, students must write essays about topics, have high grades in high school, have participated in extra curricular activities at school and other things as well. These students expect to get something from these great institutions, and that is why they try so hard to get into the very best universities. After attending a college or university, its graduates will be able to think and express themselves clearly, and learn not only a skill, but also about humanities which helps us in our everyday life. Pupils should walk away from a place of higher learning with the ability to think and express their thoughts. Newman lived in the nineteenth century, and was a well known Catholic priest in the British Isles who wrote an essay with the purpose of defending the value of an education. Newman states It is the education which gives a man clear conscious view of his own opinions and judgments, a truth in developing them, an eloquence in expressing them, and a force in urging them (49). An educated person should have the ability to think and reason about issues they will face in their lifetime, and decisions must be made regarding those issues. As Newman stated, the educated person will be able to look upon an issue, and arrive at a conclusion based upon their clear conscious view of the possi ble ramifications of the issue. The learned person honed their skill to think and reason clearly at the University that they attended. Newman points out the benefit of having schol... ...at graduated from that university will have learned how to think clearly, express themselves so they can succeed in life and their field of study, as well as have understanding of their lives and existence because they have studied the humanities. The students must not only think about getting accepted to the best universities, but also about why they want to go to such an institution. They must realize that there is more meaning to life than just making money and having a job, and that they will not learn that in a computer science course. Works Cited Newman, John Henry. The Idea of a University. The Presence of Others. Eds. Andrea A. Lunsford, John J. Ruszkiewicz. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2000, 46 49. Spayde, Jon. Learning in the Key of Life. The Presence of Others. Eds. Andrea A. Lunsford, John J. Ruszkiewicz. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2000, 58 - 63.

Leadership and Theory Essay

Kirsty and several colleagues set up a new company when they left Mr Bakes, a medium sized bakery company. Kirsty had members of her Senior Management Team which are all females, mid-twenties and with no experience in the company management. However, Kirsty made a decision to set up a new innovational company and set standard requirements for the company. After that, she perceived three main problems in the initial phase after the foundation of the factory. First of all, there is a serious financial burden forced on the Senior Management Team. Second, some fractures have appeared in the SMT’s riendship at the initial stage of establishing a market. Third, there are some negative treatments from their competitors. To sum up these three main issues, Kirsty commented on her way of seeing the company through the start-up phase. She said that she had a vision and tried to make it clear to staffs to make them going the same way towards one goal. Otherwise, she not only devoted herse lf to dealing with all problems that the staff had but also trusted her staffs to be fully committed to what they wanted and was open to any idea on how to make that vision come true in reality. In view of the ways of Kirsty’s leadership, it is not hard to find out the three modern leadership theories and approaches in her comments. This report will make a critical analysis of the strength and the weakness of Kirsty’s leadership for The Sandwich Factory by using the knowledge in leadership. Main Section: Leadership Theory Development On the basis of the leadership conception we can defined that â€Å"leadership is a process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal† (Northouse 2007:3). This definition emphasize on three key points — ‘process’, ‘influences’, and ‘common goal’. Moreover, leadership is giving direction aligning people to the vision and helping them cope with changes. For instance, the CEO of Apple Incorporated, Steve Jobs was a leader who provided the strategic vision as the managing director to his whole company. With the development of leadership theory, some academics put forward a few methods of leadership step by step, from the original Trait Approach to the current Ethical Leadership Approach which has experienced several periods of evolution. People seek more information to answer what makes a good leader and how to be a good leader. Most of them believe that owning the ability of leadership could improve their social positions, personal cultivations of ideological morality and the quality of life. Many successful leaders are well equipped with good personal traits and comprehensive professional knowledge. In addition, they hold their opinions with persistence and bravely face new challenges and changes. In this case study, the principal theory is modern approaches of leadership. It contains path-goal theory, leader-member exchange theory and transformational versus transactional theory. Then, it will make a particular analysis on these theories in the following sections. Path –Goal Theory Path-goal theory first appeared in the leadership literature in early 1970s. It builds on behavioral and contingency approaches which are concerned with how leadership behavior can motivate the satisfaction and performance of a follower in an organizational surrounding. It emphasizes the relationship and leadership behaviors between subordinate’s characteristics and task characteristics. The main challenge of a leader in organizations is to use a leadership style that best satisfies followers’ motivational needs and to steer followers along a path to achieving the common goal, which seems attractive and increase followers confidence. House and Mitchell (1974) described four styles of leading subordinates which consist of â€Å"Directive Leadership, Supportive Leadership, Participative Leadership and Achievement-oriented Leadership†. It is used to analyze complicated relationships in an organization. The path-goal theory has several effective features. First, it explains how various leadership behaviors interact with followers and task characteristics and how to choose an appropriate leadership style to affect subordinates’ satisfactions and work performances. Second, path-goal theory is that â€Å"it attempts to integrate the motivation principles of expectancy theory into a theory of leadership† (Peter G. Northouse, 2010, p. 133). A third positive feature of path-goal theory is that it affords a very practical model. Although path-goal theory has these positive features, it also has some opposite sides. First of all, this theory is so complex and broad which includes so many different correlative conditions. Therefore, with a specific organizational context, it is so difficult to use it to ameliorate the leadership process. A second criticism of this theory is that â€Å"it does not give equal attention on all relevant aspects and the research results do not provide a full and coincident conclusion of the essential suppositions and consequences† (Evans, 1996). This may be due to the imperfection of measuring method in leadership behavior and measurement scale in work structure. What’s more, this approach attaches importance to ‘people’ factors, whether leaders or subordinates are all complex man and there are many factors to influence them. This will definitely affect the full play of the transformational leadership. The transactional leadership is different from transformational leadership which does not focus on followers’ personal development. It was put forward by Hollander in 1978. Hollander deemed that â€Å"leadership happened in a given situation, leaders and followers maintain a transaction process. Leaders by a clear task and persona’ needs to guide and motivate subordinates to complete the organization’s goals†. â€Å"Transactional leaders are influential because it is in the best interest of subordinates for them to do what the leader wants† (Kuhnert & Lewis, 1987). Transactional leadership could become a tool for private gains. It could be excessive emphasis on ‘bottom line’, thus become a ‘short-term behavior’, only consider the pursuit of efficiencies and the maximization of profits and ignore some long-term things. It could also make followers to fall into an immoral and irrational zone with the powerful pressures, excessive rewards and punishments. The most deadly is transactional leadership only knows to use of tangible and intangible conditions to exchange values with subordinates for getting the leadership. It is not able to give employees the significance of work. Thereby, the transactional leadership could not arouse the enthusiasm of employees or develop their creativities. On the basis of these two theories, it caused a new thinking but it is difficult to have an absolute answer about which leadership approach is better. Transformational leadership has its applicable conditions and transactional leadership also has its stage. So, with a contingent method, it should apply to a special situation. The most important thing is the balance of transformational leadership versus transactional leadership. It is about being transactional in a transformational way. The case study five points out that Kristy had protection, motivation and vision at the same time and totally trusted her subordinates. The followers accepted and enjoyed the devolution and the responsibility. Kristy is not a control freak. She made the challenge in a constructive way. Now the company has new customers every week and broke into new markets. The change never stops in The Sandwich Factory. Kristy used the transformational and transactional theory to finish the process of satisfaction between she and subordinates. She made subordinates recognize the responsibility and the signification of their tasks, and also gave high expectation to inspire them to achieve the common goal. She cared about the demand, ability and desire of followers. Otherwise, she listened, developed and guided her subordinates to grow up in challenges. Conclusion To sum up the whole report, it would appear that every leadership approach has its benefits and drawbacks. Leaders have to choose and combine some useful aspects form these leadership styles and use it to fit for the company. All of the leadership approaches enhance the prospective of company and the relationship between leaders and followers. Therefore, knowing the subordinates’ traits is the primary responsibility. Then, balancing subordinates’ demands with organizational targets is to make sure the organizational development in a straight way. Furthermore, the relationship between leaders and followers is complex and contextual. No leader could predict with any certainty how changing circumstances and events might affect the relationship with followers. The emotional connection with staffs is one of the effective ways to complete the leadership role in an organization. Not only pay attention to the business profit margins, but also concern with the subordinates’ work-life balance and well-being. The leader with high emotional intelligence could be easier to influence their staffs. Making staffs in one group and concentrate their efforts in organizational aims. In conclusion, the creator of The Sandwich Factory has her special personalities and managerial methods. She used three modern leadership theories and put them together to lead subordinates. At the end of Kitsty’s comments, she indicated that ‘change never stops’. Facing the change in interior and exterior circumstances, leaders should change their styles in a positive direction especially being true to followers which could help leaders easily get the dependence from followers.

Explain The 5 Marketing concepts Essay

Firms and businesses, approach and conduct business in different ways in order to achieve their organizational goals. There are five competing concepts by which firms and business are guided in their marketing effort. The first three concepts production, product and selling, focus all on the product. The last two concepts marketing and societal marketing, focus on the customer. However, the commonality in all five philosophies is that they all have the same goal which is organizational profit. The choice as to which concept or philosophy to adopt depends on the circumstances of the situation The first concept, the production concept, is the philosophy that consumers will favour products that are available and highly affordable. This philosophy states that any amount of goods produced will sell if it is available and affordable to customers. When firms adopt this concept, generally they produce goods on a mass production level, to be able to produce large quantities, therefore make it more available; investing in technology is essential, to reduce the costs of production and make it more affordable. In such case the management is required to focus mostly on improving the production and distribution of a particular product. The production concept can be an appropriate philosophy in two types of situations: The first one is where the demand for a product exceeds the supply. Here the management should concentrate on finding ways to increase production. The second situation is where the product’s cost is too high and therefore improved productivity is needed to bring it down. A disadvantage of the production concept, is that firms which employ this concept risk to lose sight of what the customers really want. The product concept holds that consumers will favor those products that offer the most quality, performance, and features, and therefore the organization should devote its energy to making continuous product improvements. Firms adapting this concept believe that customers are attracted to products which are very efficient and therefore the management emphasizes on adding and  building more value on a product. This concept holds that if one manages to produce the best product it will sell it self easily. A disadvantage of this concept is that firms adopting the product concept, tend to focus too much on the product and this can lead to marketing myopia. Buyers might be looking for a better solution to a problem, but not necessarily a better product in that category. The selling concept states the idea that consumers will not buy enough of the product unless the firm undertakes a large-scale of selling and promotional effort. Firms adopting this philosophy do not produce goods and services in line with people’s need and wants because they try to create demand for that particular product themselves. This task involves investing a lot in advertising and selling because this concept states that demand will be generated by doing so. This requires a good sales force, and firms to perfect various sales techniques to track down prospects and hard-sell them on the benefits of their product. The selling concept is generally practiced with unsought goods, such as insurance, encyclopedias, and funeral plots. A situation in which the selling concept is typically adopted is, when firms have overproduction, and try to sell what they have rather than what people want. A disadvantage of the selling concept is that by adopting this concept, firms mainly aim to get the sale and do not bother about any post-purchase satisfaction. This carries high risks, if customers are not satisfied, relationships are not created and therefore they are not inclined to make other purchases. The marketing concept is the philosophy that holds that achieving organizational goals depends on determining the needs and wants of target markets and delivering the desired satisfaction more effectively and efficiently than others do. Firms practicing the marketing concept, start from the customer, by targeting a specific market and determining its needs and wants through market research. Products and services are than developed accordingly with the market’s demand through integrated marketing. In the  marketing concept profit is generated through building long-term relationships with customers, by delivering superior value and satisfaction. The focus of management is on the customer’s ultimate satisfaction. Hence, while the selling concept takes an inside-out perspective, the marketing concept takes an outside-in perspective. The selling concept focuses on the needs of the seller whilst the marketing concept focuses on the needs of the buyer. The Selling concept’s aim is to convert the product into cash. On the other hand the marketing concept aims to satisfy the needs of the customer by means of the product and the whole process associated with creating, delivering and finally consuming it. A disadvantage of the marketing philosophy is that this concept must be based on a long-term process and profits are realised in the long run. Also firms adopting this concept must invest a lot financially, in conducting research and in building relationships with their customers. The fifth concept, the societal marketing concept is the newest concept. It holds that the organization’s task is to determine the needs, wants, and interests of target markets and to deliver the desired satisfactions more effectively and efficiently than competitors in a way that it maintains and improves the consumer’s and the society’s well-being. The societal marketing concept is similar to the marketing concept, except that it also takes into consideration the society’s well-being. This concept was developed in a time where society began to question if the marketing concept was adequate in the face of worldwide environmental problems, resource shortages, and other social problems. Firms adopting the societal marketing concept believe that consumers will respond more favourably to companies which are socially responsible and react unfavourably to companies which they feel are not socially responsible. This gives socially-responsible companies a competitive edge over their competitors. The disadvantages of the societal marketing concept are the same disadvantages of the marketing concept, with the exception that this concept involves more extra costs with regards to the well being of society.

Congressional Checks On Presidential Authority - Smart Custom Writing Samples

Congressional Checks On Presidential Authority - Smart Custom Writing Letter From The Future YouDear Mark the Past, The people around me and the fans have consistently asked me on how I have managed to be so successful in being an author. Today’s Mark is the celebrity of the day when it comes to writing. I am now very different from the Mark you were since I have managed to publish various books and series in the last twenty years. Lately, a fan, that is, our fan asked me the key reasons for our success. I have reflected on this for some time and I have found it vital to analyze success from the time I first wrote ‘The Phoenix Factor’. Well, for all that effort, it got very little attention both in the media and in the readers. That, however, did not serve to break my dreams as an author. After a deep self-assessment, I have identified various reasons that kept me going. When I wrote ‘The Phoenix Factor’, the legend in the fiction book, Long John Carraghan, was a character that I now feel was not clearly brought out. Back then, I felt that it was my best effort and that it would be a bestseller. It never did. That strong faith, the urge to better the unbreakable endurance and myself are just some of the key factors that kept me going. The Review, a Massachusetts journal, commented that I was emotionally detached not only from this leading character but also from other key figures. I decided that I had to fight rather than quit. I resolved to write on issues that I deeply cared about. That, I believe, as an author, was my first lesson in the world of writing. Lesson two was all about taking risks. The Mark Doughty known today is for his slightly larger than life characters in the fiction series ‘The Lighthouse’. It is funny how the idea all began. Old Mark, do you still remember it? Sue, this lady I have proclaimed my love for and spent my life with since the 70’s, and I, were exiting from the cinema where the Second Chance series was screening at the height of its fame. At that time, I had almost a non-existent fan-base. At the exit, a young high school kid with a girl at his elbow roughly pushed me aside. Instantly, my temper flared and I demanded an apology from the lad. Before the kid apologized, the girl was excitedly bubbling on how she loved The Phoenix and whether there would be a follow-up on it. I was dumb-founded and mumbled about expecting a lot more to come. Needless to say, I hurriedly left, Sue in hand. All night long, I thought about it and I could not help but think that I had to take a leap of faith a nd start on my new series. Well Mark, you know that was the onset of the success story. You took the risk and you in turn became me. I cannot ignore the fact that J.K. Rowling spent 5 years planning the entire Harry Potter series before putting pen on paper in order to write this famous series. Planning, Mark, was something you never ignored. You did not spend five years but rather three, but that was in the spirit of The Lighthouse. When you finally wrote it down, the ideas were so fluent and the image so clear that success was almost guaranteed. Planning was something you instilled in me and is a weapon that I have learnt to use in the upcoming series ‘The Love Nest’, a series I intend to finally turn into a movie. I do not plan to end the success story any time soon; you worked too hard for this old Mark: The long nights sketching and visualizing on the Series. There was minimal success to show for it at all and it almost broke our marriage. Planning, old Mark was the key. Those early sacrifices are what turned you into me. Finally, I cannot afford to ignore the virtues of hard work and persistence. My experiences have taught me as much. Key role models such as Joyce Carol Oates who said, â€Å"I would write, even when her soul felt as thin as a playing card† have taught me that determination and pure persistence have been vital in shaping me as a celebrity and a success legend. I have had my manuscripts rejected repeatedly, work that I wrote down in over a year, but I never said enough was enough until success came my way. Mark, we made it; let us live the dream! Yours sincerely,

Tommy Douglas, the Canadian Father of Medicare

Tommy Douglas, the Canadian 'Father of Medicare' A small man with a huge personality, Tommy Douglas was gregarious, witty, feisty and kind. The leader of the first socialist government in North America, Douglas brought massive change to the province of Saskatchewan and led the way for many social reforms in the rest of Canada. Douglas is considered the Canadian father of Medicare. In 1947 Douglas introduced universal hospitalization in Saskatchewan and in 1959 announced a Medicare plan for Saskatchewan. Heres more about Douglas career as a Canadian politician. Premier of Saskatchewan 1944 to 1961 Leader of the Federal New Democratic Party 1961 to 1971 Career Highlights of Tommy Douglas Douglas introduced universal hospitalization in Saskatchewan in 1949 and a Medicare plan for Saskatchewan in 1959. While the premiere of Saskatchewan, Douglas and his government created many state-owned enterprises, called Crown Corporations, including the establishment of provincial air and bus lines, SaskPower and SaskTel. He and the Saskatchewan CCF oversaw industrial development that reduced the provinces dependence on agriculture, and they also introduced the first public automobile insurance in Canada. Birth Douglas was born Oct. 20, 1904, in Falkirk, Scotland. The family emigrated to Winnipeg, Manitoba in 1910. They returned to Glasgow during World War I but came back to settle in Winnipeg in 1919. Death Douglas died of cancer Feb. 24, 1986, in Ottawa, Ontario. Education Douglas earned his bachelors degree in 1930 from Brandon College in Manitoba. He then earned his masters degree in sociology in 1933 from McMaster University in Ontario. Professional Background Douglas began his career as Baptist minister. He moved to Weyburn, Saskatchewan after ordination in 1930. During the Great Depression, he joined the Co-Operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF), and in 1935, he was elected to the House of Commons. Political Affiliation He was a member of the CCF from 1935 to 1961. He became the leader of Saskatchewan CCF in 1942. The CCF was dissolved in 1961 and was succeeded by the New Democratic Party (NDP). Douglas was a member of the NDP from 1961 to 1979. Political Career of Tommy Douglas Douglas first moved into active politics with the Independent Labour Party and became President of the Weyburn Independent Labour Party in 1932. He ran for the first time in the 1934 Saskatchewan general election as a Farmer-Labour candidate but was defeated. Douglas was first elected to the House of Commons when he ran in the riding of Weyburn for the CCF in the federal general election of 1935. While he was a federal member of parliament, Douglas was elected president of the Saskatchewan provincial CCF in 1940 and then elected leader of the provincial CCF in 1942. Douglas resigned his federal seat to run in the Saskatchewan general election of 1944. He led the Saskatchewan CCF to a massive victory, winning 47 of 53 seats. It was the first democratic socialist government elected in North America. Douglas was sworn in as Premier of Saskatchewan in 1944. He held the office for 17 years, during which he pioneered major social and economic reforms. In 1961, Douglas resigned as Premier of Saskatchewan to lead the federal New Democratic Party, formed as an alliance between the CCF and the Canadian Labour Congress. Douglas was defeated in the federal election of 1962 when he ran in the riding of Regina City mainly because of a backlash towards the Saskatchewan governments introduction of Medicare. Later in 1962, Tommy Douglas won a seat in the British Columbia riding of Burnaby-Coquitlam in a by-election. Defeated in 1968, Douglas won the riding of Nanaimo-Cowichan-The Islands in 1969 and held it until his retirement. In 1970, he took a stand against the adoption of the War Measures Act during the October Crisis. It seriously affected his popularity. Douglas stepped down as leader of the New Democratic Party in 1971. He was followed by David Lewis as NDP leader. Douglas took on the role of NDP energy critic until he retired from politics in 1979.

Iran during the rule of Ayatollah Khomeini Essay

Iran during the rule of Ayatollah Khomeini - Essay Example [Iranchamber.com] He was a lecturer at Najaf and Qum seminaries for decades before he was known in the political scene. .[Wikipedia.org] As a scholar and teacher, Khomeini produced numerous writings on Islamic philosophy, law, and ethics. Although Khomeini was not politically active, but his teachings and writings suggested that he was firm believer on the importance of clerics in political movement. He was the first Iranian cleric to try to refute the outspoken advocacy of secularism in the 1940s. However at the age of 60, the leadership arena opened for Khomeini following the deaths of two important clerical leaders during 1960's. On 22 January 1963, Khomeini summoned a meeting of the senior parliamentarians of Qom and pursuaded them to decree a boycott on the referendum initiated by the Reza Shah Pahlavi which were regarded as dangerous. Khomeini accused Shah of his submission to America and Israel by violating the constitution by the way of issuing manifesto that represented the signatures of other senior Iranian Shia religious scholars. Khomeini denunicated Shah at several occasions for which he was arrested on 5th June, 1963 which sparked off riots throughout Iran and lead to deaths of several citizens, which is referred to as 'Movement of 15 Khordad'. Once again after the release from house arrest in 1964, Khomeini denounced both Shah and United States for the capitulations granted by the Shah to United States armed military to be treid in their own Military Courts, which lead to his arrest in November 1964 and held for half a year. Four Members of Fedeyan Islam were executed for the murder of Hassan-Ali Mansur, who slapped Khomeini, when he refused to apologize and drop the opposition from the government, for which Khomeini was sent into exile to Turkey.[ www.time.com] B. Khomeini - Supreme Leader of Iran. Khomeini spent 14 years in exile, not limited to one specific nation. But mostly he lived in Nazaf of Iraq which was under Saddam Hussein's power, then Turkey and France. [news.bbc.co.uk] After the 1977 death of Dr. Ali Shariati, an Islamic reformist and political revolutionary author/academic/philosopher who greatly popularized the Islamic revival among young educated Iranians, Khomeini became the most influential leader of the opposition to the Shah perceived by many Iranians as the spiritual, if not political, leader of revolt.[Wikipedia.org] Protest grew against the rule of Shah which gave more influence to Khomeini. Although thousands of kilometers away from Iran in Paris, Khomeini set the course of the revolution, urging Iranians not to compromise and ordering work stoppages against the regime. This resulted into revolution among the supporters of Khomeini against the Shah. Khomeini returned to Iran on the condition that Shah left the country, which he did. Khomeini's return t o Iran was welcomed by joyous crowd, which led to creation of the government elected by him. [news.bbc.co.uk] He appointed the interim Prime Minister, demanding since he has appointed him, he must be obeyed and respected. According to him, it was God's government and disobeying the government was a revolt against God. Soldiers loyal to the Bakthiar Government defected Khomeini's movement. [Ayatollah Khomeini] Khomeini declared Jihad on soldiers who did not surrendered after gaining power, which led to

Unit 23 Human Resources Development - Level 5 Human Resources Essay

Unit 23 Human Resources Development - Level 5 Human Resources Development - Essay Example 5). Activist includes learners who will try everything once - these learners are flexible as well as keen regarding latest things, and get involved with others with no trouble. Reflectors are those learners who examine and analyze all accessible information prior to taking any action - they think before arriving to any conclusion. According to Theorist style, a few individuals are learning by principles and models - they adopt methodical and rational approach towards problems. Pragmatist style includes individuals who make sensible decisions. Similarly, in Kolb’s learning model there are four key stages - â€Å"concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization and active experimentation† (Edwards et al, 2013, p. 8). According to Kolb, individuals are capable of thinking in a different manner and have different point of view, they utilize information as well as imagination to tackle problems. On the other hand, the Myers-Briggs model categorizes learners in accordance with their inclinations towards scales developed from â€Å"Carl Jungs theory of psychological forms† (Lloyd, 2012, p. 29). This model has four different sets of contradictory inclinations and it says that in every pair, learners are likely to favour one side over the other, and they are likely to utilize that side for the most part, because it comes very easily to them. The learning curve is an investigative tool that can be employed to assess the pace on which cumulative knowledge let employees to carry out tasks quicker as well as with a reduced amount of cost. Learning curve models are a key technique to get an estimate about the required time for starting future tasks. Transfer of learning to workplace is important because there is recognition that transfer is a central notion in learning and connects with both process as well as the end result. Whenever learning takes place, earlier learning is utilized as a foundation stone (Laprà © & Nembhard, 2011,

Critical reflection paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Critical reflection paper - Essay Example It is imperative to note that thoughts are also subject to past experiences; for instance, educators may be against the learning of a new reading approach that is promoted by the government because they have the belief that the approach is not effective based in successful experiences they have working with a different approach. I believe that emotional intelligence of the educator has a profound influence on motivation and self-concepts of students, regardless of the fact that teaching is associated with a lot of emotion. The willingness of a school to change is affected by the psychological state of the teachers and if they disregard the psychological and inter-personal processes, they might end up behaving in a defensive manner in order to safeguard themselves from innovations that will reveal their shortfalls (Strike, 2010). On the other hand, if teachers value individuals as people, while at the same time valuing what they contribute, their self-esteem will increase and trust will be fostered. I believe the starting point for learning is motivation, and for an overworked and busy educator to be devoted in terms of effort towards change and new learning approaches, there should be adequate reasons for change or something that will make the teacher understand that what they are doing is not working. Additionally, when faced with newer approaches to teaching, the teachers should have an awareness of whether it is useful and practical, which implies relevance in the classroom to the students(Parker, 2010). Further, I believe if a teacher is not confident on the possibility of achieving success, then motivation will not be enough and there are cases where teachers do not believe that all students can be successful. Some teachers deeply believe that regardless of what they do, they cannot make a lot of difference as a result of the disadvantaged social situations of the students as

Definition And Importance Of Communication English Language Essay

Definition And Importance Of Communication English Language Essay Communication is like a bridge between people, the way in which it happens depending very much on the art of communication, the creativity of the human beings, the message of the communication and on the context in which it takes place. Because of its complexity, communication has been defined in many ways, some definitions being broad and inclusive, others restrictive (Littlejohn, Foss, 2008:3): The process that links discontinuous parts of the living world to one another (Ruesch, 1957:462), A system for communicating information and order (Websters Third New International Dictionary, 1986:460), A participative, two-way sharing of understanding, commitment and purpose, leading to appropriate action (Robbins et al, 2000:633). Communication is an interdisciplinary concept as it is approached from different fields such as linguistics, psychology, ecology, mathematics, etc., enabling us to transmit and share facts, ideas, data, feelings, attitudes. It plays a key role in all the fields of activity, therefore it should be effective so as to be an element of success for every relationship, organization, meeting, research, etc. Still, there are many barriers to effective communication (e.g. language, inappropriate choice of words/channel, different cultural backgrounds, difference in attitudes and values, etc.) which lead to misunderstandings and failure in interaction. Communication is not based just on a simple verbal interaction between people, but also on the body language and the facial expression which are also means of communicating a message. More than that, communication and technology have developed so much lately that we can even speak of forms of communication that move from the traditional human fo rms toward impersonal communication with entities to which we cannot transmit feelings or experiences, e.g. banking networks, computers, phones, etc. and we can also speak not only of human or impersonal communication but also of animal communication. However, if we are to consider a simple model of communication which states that it is a process of information transfer from a sender to a receiver via a medium, the process starting from an inner state of the sender which produces the transfer of the signal and ending with an inner state of the receiver when the signal is delivered (ShannonWeaver, 1949), we can ask ourselves if this simple model is suitable for communication in general, be it human, impersonal or animal. In their book Animal Signals Maynard Smith and Harper (2003:3) defined the signal as: any act or structure which alters the behaviour of other organisms, which evolved because of that effect, and which is effective because the receivers response has also evolved. Here, the signal is understood as having a corresponding response, a modification of behaviour. Still, it may fail sometimes, for example because of poor design or noise. On the contrary, communication means a successful accomplishment of the signalling act, so there is no such concept as failed communication. Thus, it is this possible failure that makes the clear distinction between signalling and communication. In the previous definition, there is no reference to the notion of information but this does not mean that signalling does not use it. If we think of both impersonal and animal signalling, the idea that the signal carries information is implicit, even Maynard Smith and Harper (1995:305) stated that: it is not evolut ionarily stable for the receiver to alter its behaviour unless, on average, the signal carries information of value to it. Hence, information is carried but the relevance of the signal is important as the receiver may ignore the signalling behaviour if the signal is of no use to him and has nothing to gain from it. An important difference between human communication and animal signals (maybe we could even think of this difference when referring to impersonal devices signalling) is the presence of language. People are able to communicate with the help of language, having the power of combining and creating different messages by using symbols, words and their creativity. More than that, people have thoughts, desires, beliefs being able to show and recognize their intentions to communicate, they may use different stimuli to attract the receivers attention and to engage in activities with similar goals and objectives. Animals, on the other hand, have no intentional system (Davidson, 198 2) and none of the above mentioned human traits. The speech acts mark also a difference between human communication and animal/impersonal signals. The communicative acts help us not only to communicate but also to influence each other in various ways. In conclusion, if we take into consideration the particularities of human communication and the limitations of animal/impersonal signalling, we can notice that there are similarities but also differences, thus it would be difficult to say that a simple model would cover all cases. The general terms of human communication being established, we turn to examine other important aspects/models of successful and effective (human) communication. Characteristics of communication Two-way process: The two-way process refers to a communication where the participants take turns in being speaker-listener, writer-reader, the process being complete only if there is a feedback from the receiver to the sender on how well the message is understood. Verbal and nonverbal: Verbal communication uses sounds and language to express ideas and concepts while non-verbal communication uses gestures, touch and body language to send and receive wordless cues between people. Language familiarity: Effective communication means that the sender must use a language the receiver is familiar with, otherwise the communication will be a failure. Interest in the message: The receiver has to be interested in the subject the sender has to convey, so that the communication process is successful. Perception: There should be a consensus between the message that is sent and the one that is received. The intended meaning has to be the same for an effective communication. Continuity: Communication is continuous because in everything we do, we have to convey or receive information, the exchange of information being a continuous process. Formal or informal: Formal communication conforms to established professional rules and standards while informal communication is casual, unofficial and does not conform to any regulations. Components of communication Communication becomes effective when it achieves the desired response from the receiver. These are the components by means of which communication can be effective: Context every communication starts with a context and is affected by the context in which it occurs. The context could be cultural, social, physical, etc. and it is the sender who chooses the message to communicate within such a context. Sender/encoder This is the person who conveys the message. He/she uses words, visual aids or body language to send the message and produced the desires response, the verbal or nonverbal symbols chosen being essential for a correct interpretation of the message by the receiver. Message The message is the essence of what the sender wants to communicate and it is the starting point of the communication process because the sender starts by planning the message he/she wants to transmit. Medium It is the channel which is used to conduct the communicative act. It is essential to choose the right medium in order to have an effective communication. Receiver/decoder This is the person to whom the message is addressed, the understanding of the message depending also on the relationship between the sender and the receiver, but also on the reliance that the encoder has on the decoder. Feedback Feedback is very important for the communication process as the sender has the possibility of analysing the efficacy of the message and to understand if the message has been interpreted correctly. Models of communication There are many code models for understanding the communication process and it would be difficult to consider all of them in this paper, therefore we are going to consider only some significant models which serve the purpose of understanding the process of communication. Aristotle The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle was the first to give a model of communication. Incorporating few elements, his model is suitable for public speaking (www.eou.edu). SPEAKER MESSAGE LISTENER According to this model, the speaker/sender has the most important role in communication, taking complete charge, carefully preparing and presenting his thoughts in order to influence the listener/receiver. Aristotles model is the most common model for public speaking where the message is sent to influence the receivers and make them act accordingly. Shannon and Weaver (1949) Claude E. Shannon was an electrical engineer and mathematician who published a paper which referred to a theory of probability for evaluating the success of electronic transmission of information, a concept which became known as the information/communication theory. His model was based on five constituents involved in the process of communication: 1. An information source which produces a message or a sequence of messages to be communicated to the receiving terminal. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 2. A transmitter which operates on the message in some way to produce a signal suitable for transmission over the channel. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 3. The channel is merely the medium used to transmit the signal from transmitter to receiver. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ During transmission, or at one of the terminals, the signal may be perturbed by noise.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 4. The receiver ordinarily performs the inverse operation of that done by the transmitter, reconstructing the message from the signal. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 5. The destination is the person (or thing) for whom the message is intended. (Shannon, 1948:380, 1949:4). In 1949 Shannon s theory was reviewed by Warren Weaver who actually extended the term communication, using it in a very broad sense and making the understanding of the theory easier for those who were not familiar with mathematics. Shannon and Weaver published a work together The Mathematical Theory of Communication which contributed significantly to the application of the communication theory within different fields. NOISE MESSAGE SOURCE TRANSMITTER CHANNEL RECEIVER DESTINATION Roman Jakobson (1960) Jakobsons model of the functions of language makes a distinction between six factors of communication that are necessary for the communication to take place: addresser, message, addressee, context, code and contact. The ADDRESSER sends a MESSAGE to the ADDRESSEE. To be operative, the message requires a CONTEXT referred to (referent in another, somewhat ambiguous, nomenclature), seizable by the addressee, and either verbal or capable of being verbalized; a CODE fully, or at least partially, common to the addresser and addressee (or in other words to the encoder and decoder of the message); and, finally, a CONTACT, a physical channel and psychological connection between the addresser and the addressee, enabling both of them to enter and stay in communication. (Jakobson, 1960:353). CONTEXT MESSAGE ADDRESSER CONTACT ADDRESSEE CODE According to Jakobson (1960) each of these factors determines a different function of language (termed by him as referential, emotive, conative, phatic, metalingual and poetic), each verbal message fulfilling more than one of these functions. M. A. K. Halliday (1978) David Crystal (2003) In A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics Crystal defines communication using a classic variant of the model of communication. Communication refers to the transmission of INFORMATION (a message) between a source and receiver using a signalling system: in linguistic contexts, source and receiver are interpreted in human terms, the system involved is a LANGUAGE, and the notion of response to (or acknowledgement of) the message becomes of crucial importance. In theory, communication is said to have taken place if the information received is the same as that sent (Crystal, 2003:85). INFORMATION SOURCE LANGUAGE RECEIVER RESPONSE MESSAGE COMPREHENSION Possible diagram of Crystals model The examples presented here prove the long existence of the different models, each of them having a pattern of development, a contribution and an influence on the process of communication. However, an important aspect of the communicative process is language which helps us to communicate, to actually convey the message to other individuals, to interact and create systems for communicating. In general linguistics, language is analysed as a formal system, Noam Chomsky (1975) referring to it as being innate, a biological necessity and a highly abstracted individual competence. Still, when communicating, people do not rely only on the rules of language as a formal system, but also on the environment, the social context and the knowledge they have of the topic. Even if linguists like Chomsky or Pinker claim that people are somehow wired to language, people also have the ability to become aware and to respond to the environmental cues when using the language. It is because of these abiliti es and reactions that language plays an important role in communication and has an impact on human interaction. Language performs many communicative functions, one of the main functions being the communication of information, and even if there have been many attempts to give some general rules for the main functions of language, the results have been inconsistent, this functional approach being less well documented (Brown and Yule, 1983:1). Brown and Yule used only two terms to refer to the main functions of language, the distinction being made between transactional language and interactional language, which actually correspond to the classifications representative/expressive found in Buhler (1934), referential/emotive (Jakobson, 1960), ideational/interpersonal (Halliday, 1970b) and descriptive/social-expressive (Lyons, 1977) . According to Brown and Yule (1983), transactional language is that language which is efficient, the speaker (or writer) having in mind the efficient transfer ence of information, the receiver having to get the message correctly, as there is no place for misinterpretation because of the terrible consequences that it may have, for example a teacher giving the wrong information to students at the beginning of an exam or a fireman misguiding his colleagues during a fire. Interactional language refers to the language used in everyday conversations or social relationships, the sociologists and sociolinguists being the ones concerned with the use of language to establish and maintain social relationships (Brown and Yule, 1983:3). Everyday conversations are more subject to interactional than transactional use of language, phrases like Terrible weather, isnt it. or Thats a nice shirt/blouse suggesting the speakers intention to develop a conversation and be friendly not his/her intention to convey a message. Conversational analysts such as Brown and Levinson (1978) believe that agreement and a common point of view are essential for this type of la nguage, repetition being one of the means by which agreement is emphasised. A distinction has to be made here between spoken language which is generally considered to be more interpersonal than informative, and written language which is considered to be primarily transactional. Spoken and written language are produced differently and with different effects. Spoken versus written language There are differences between the spoken and the written language which refer not only to the way that they are produced and to their effects, but also to their evolution and independence. Language is considered to be a natural ability, the capacity to acquire it being innate. Still, the views are different when referring to spoken or written language. There are many linguists who believe that written language is a human invention and not a natural ability. Darwin (1871) wrote about the instinct of speaking that we can observe even with little children while there is no such instinct as writing that can be observed with children. Saussure (1916) stated that writing exist only to represent speech, while Bloomfield (1933) claimed that writing is only a way in which speaking can be recorded, there being no such term as written language. Even if this view about writing has been sustained by many renowned linguists, it is not universally accepted. Linguists from the Prague Linguistic Circ le, such as Pulgram (1965) or Vachek (1973, 1989), view written language as an independent system equal to spoken language, the two systems mutually influencing each other .