Advertisers Do Have a Responsibility to Society Essay

We are live in a society surrounded by a variety of advertisements. The amount spent alone in advertisement by the top 10 companies in the U.S. cost up to billions of dollars per year. Advertisements can be both beneficial and harmful to viewers. Consumers collect information about a certain product or service through advertisement so advertisers have a responsibility to deliver truthful information to the public. However, advertisers frequently disregard these important responsibilities. They rather focus on creating false advertisements to deceive their target audience by using a variety of advertising techniques. Because advertiser wants to sell more amount than competitor, advertiser creates false, deceptive, exaggerative, excess advertisement. These kinds of advertisement cause consumers to spend more. Moreover, it lacks the consumers’ ability to judge the products. See more:Â  Perseverance essay For example, Dannon’s popular Activia brand yogurt lured consumers into paying more for its purported nutritional benefits. When it was actually pretty much the same as every other kind of yogurt (ABC News). Another example is for Taco Bell’s seasoned beef. When consumers raised questions about what was actually seasoning Taco Bell’s seasoned beef, the company didn’t know how to respond. It was simply using oat filler. Which means the meat isn’t seasoned beef at all, according to USDA standards. The franchise had been tricking its consumers into thinking its products were of a higher grade than they actually were (Ad Age). In conclusion, whether company or person, who are not aware of information, will fall behind. Even though there is good side of advertise, such as fast deliver information, wider choices, and instruct way of spending. However, on other hands, advertiser creates stereotypes, selling bad food towards children, using sex, etc. by using many adverting techniques. I believe these kind of advertise causes so much bad influence on our society.

Obesity Epidemic Among African American Women

Chapter II Review of Literature We know that the problem of obesity is a world-wide epidemic and is becoming an even greater threat to the United States. Currently the U. S is the world’s most obese country and with a large margin between second place (James, Leach,  Kalamara, Shayegh 2001). America is also the front runner in a new trend: morbid obesity. Not only does America have the highest population of obese individuals, America also has the largest population of morbidly obese individuals (World Health Organization 2009).Morbid obesity affects both males and females of all ages and ethnicities from different socioeconomic statuses, however, the Black female population that has been affected the most (Lorenzen, (2010). This trend of overweight Black American females has only recently become an epidemic (Davis, 2008). What if any factors played into this abrupt change in obesity levels of the Black-American woman? Obesity and BMI Obesity can be classified as a condition characterized by excessive body fat to the magnitude that is becomes detrimental to one’s health (Ho-Pham, et al. , 2010).There are different methods to measuring ones body mass index with the more common methods being height to weight ratio measurement, waist to hip ratio measurement, skin fold tests, and bioelectrical impedance measurement. For most of these references BMI’s were calculated between a mixture of bioelectrical impedance and skin fold measurement tests. A person should have a BMI of 18. 5 to 24. 99 be considered â€Å"normal† (World Health Organization, 2010). Once a BMI reaches 30 or greater the individual is classified as obese. The term obesity is broken down into 3 different Body Mass Index (BMI) classifications. Having a BMI greater than 30. is considered Class I Obesity. A BMI greater than 35. 0 is considered Class II Obesity and a BMI greater than 40. 0 is Class III Obesity or morbid obesity (World Health Organization, 2000). The Obesity E pidemic Obesity is a worldwide epidemic (Deitel, 2003). 1 out of every 10 adults suffering from obesity worldwide (WHO, 2009) and this number will be doubled by 2015 (Withrow, Alter, 2011). Stemming from this large occurrence there are over 2. 5 million obesity related deaths worldwide each year (CDC 2011). However in America the problem is even greater in that 35. 7 percent of the adult population is obese (CDC 2011).The most current figures available come from a 2005-2006 survey station that 6 percent of Americans suffer from morbid obesity (Journal of the American Medical Association, 2012). The obesity epidemic in the United States represents a critical public health crisis. The increase in obesity can be directly linked to the increase of other major health issues such as diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, asthma, arthritis, and poor health status ( Mokdad, et al. , 2001). Not only does it encompass life threatening consequences such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases but it also results in major healthcare costs (Brown, et al. 2009). The United States spends upwards of $147 billion annually in obesity related healthcare costs (The Washington Post). The rise in obesity is giving way to a new epidemic- morbid obesity. Morbid Obesity and Women Morbid obesity is classified as having a BMI greater than 50. 0 (Strum, 2007). Like in obese people, morbid obese people see the same list of health complications such as high cholesterol, high blood pressure, infertility and breathing problems such as asthma and sleep apnea to more severe problems such as diabetes and high premature mortality rates.Both obesity and morbid obesity are a major problem in the United States. It is apparent that morbid obesity is on the rise in the U. S however it is more prevalent in women than in men. Morbid obesity tends to affect women more than men. Currently morbid obesity cases affect females 24% more than males and it is estimated that by the year 2020, 40. 2% o f men will be obese with 3. 1% of that population being morbidly obese and 43. 3% of women will be obese with 5. 8% of that population being morbidly obese (C. J. Ruhm, 2007).Morbid Obesity in Black-American Women Morbid obesity continues to rise throughout America however the most significant increase is seen in Black women. Over 78% of Black-American women are overweight or obese (Davis, 2008), and it is predicted that by 2030, 96. 9% of Black women will be either overweight or obese (Wang, et al. , 2008). In 2002 morbid obesity among Black-American women was more than double that among White and Mexican-American women. 13. 5 % of Black-American women were morbidly obese as opposed to 5. 5% and 5. % in White and Mexican-American women (Wang, Beydoun, 2007). Why it is that Black women are most vulnerable to not only obesity, but to morbid obesity? Could socioeconomics place a factor in these figures? A study was done in 2007 that looked at race, socioeconomic status and food qualit y availability. It was found that in low income urban areas, there was significantly less access to not only major food chains but foods of quality such as fresh fruits and vegetables while having a significantly higher access to convenience store than the rest of the population. Powella, et al. , 2007). Since majority of low income urban areas are made up of black residents then why aren’t Black men’s morbid obesity rates just as high? Both Black men and Black women of the same socioeconomic status have the same access to the same food distribution centers. Both also share the same body compositions as naturally having a greater lean mass to fat mass ratio (Flegal, Carroll, C. L. Ogden, Curtin, 2010). Could there be another factor playing a role in Black women’s prevalence to morbid obesity? Body ImageA study was conducted at Tennessee State University where 218 Black- American females were asked to rate their body image confidence. The findings of this study s uggested that the obese and morbidly obese women rated themselves as having a high level of body image confidence and life satisfaction as opposed to that of the women who were normal or overweight (Lorenzen, L. , 2010). Another study was conducted in 2007 looking at the preferred body images between 80 White- American and 80 Black-American participants. All participants were asked to look at female models and silhouettes of women.The models BMI’s ranged from low to obese. From there the participants were asked to rate each model and silhouette. The study found that there was a significant difference in ratings between Black- American and White-American participants in that model silhouettes with a higher BMI received higher attractiveness ratings amongst the Black-American participants than compared to White-American participants (Davis 2008). Although these studies yielded relatively small samples the results are conclusive in that Black-Americans view a female with a large r BMI as having a more attractive body image.This obesity epidemic in Black-American women is fairly new. If we go back only a few decades ago, the obesity rates of Black- American women has doubled between 1988 and 2004. In addition, various longitudinal studies have shown that there are higher rates of weight gain in black women than in white women. Also during the first BMI examinations in the 1970s, white and black girls had similar levels of BMI but the annual increase in BMI were 30-40% larger among the black girls throughout both childhood and adulthood (Freedman et al, 2005).

Employee retention using lessons from motivation theories Essay

Employee retention using lessons from motivation theories - Essay Example The paper tells that as businesses face the challenge of operating in a tough global economy they have been forced to perform painful layoffs while at the same time seek to retain their high-impact performers. One would expect it to be easier to retain staff amidst this period of economic recovery however the paradox is that there is a shortage of people with the requisite talent that companies need to remain competitive in this tough business environment. This means that the few critical employees that each company seeks to retain are also the ones who are attractive to competitors. The challenge therefore remains in retaining these critical staff. The importance of retaining critical staff cannot be gainsaid. When an employee leaves an organisation the organization loses primarily on the knowledge, skill and experience that the individual had developed over time at his/her present occupation. To fully comprehend the importance of maintaining critical employees Ramlall raises three postulations of the human capital theory. To begin with human capital theory posits that people possess skills, experience and knowledge which represent capital to an organization because they enhance productivity. This means that employees are of economic value to organizations. Secondly, the theory posits that not all labour is equal. Some labour is more valuable than others by the mere fact that more resources have been invested in their training. It is therefore important for the organization to ensure that it retains those on whom it has invested more in developing. Thirdly, investment in building skills among employees would be more profitable and more likely to be undertaken the longer the period over which the returns from the investment can accrue (Ramlall, 2004). This implies that an organisation would derive more value out of its staff if it can train them and then retain them for a significant amount of time within which the staff can use their skills, experience and k nowledge to improve the organization’s processes. Employees possess skills, experience and knowledge, and therefore have economic value to organizations. Where employee turnover is high the company fails to realize a full return on its investment in hiring and training staff. This report reviews the classic motivation theories and uses them to explain how organizations could devise techniques that will enable them retain their high-impact employees. 2.0. Work motivation The heart of motivation is to give people what they really want most from work (Mullins, 2010). Motivation can be of

Confusianism in the People's Republic of China Essay

Confusianism in the People's Republic of China - Essay Example Western doctrines were applied in the New Confucianism, unlike the traditional principles which relied on the mythical past for inspiration. The new Confucianism adopted principles from upcoming religion like the Buddhism and Daoism. The traditional Confucianism was based on moral values and the strict adherence to the moral principles. The new Confucianism adopted the bending of rules to suit the people in the present times. Traditionally these rules were invented by the founder of the Confucian principle. However, with the revival of the new Confucianism various philosophers would invent the rules and be applied in life. In the past, Confucian humanism was the defining principle on political, family, social and ethical ideology. However, with modernization, the Confucian principles focused on spiritual orientation in the human community. Gender, region, race and ethnic differences were emphasized in the new Confucianism principles. The role of the different genders was adjusted to fit the present world. Neo Confucianism can be seen as one that has created a new of life that is in synchrony with global developments and industrialization. It is fashioned with regards to its utilization in the present practical action. Liang Shuming idea was to create a philosophy, Neo Confucianism, which would integrate with modern technologies; including organizational technologies. This is unlike the â€Å"traditional Confucianism†. Based on a pioneer of Neo Confucianism, Xiong Shili, Neo Confucianism is largely regarded to as a scholastic exercise. Contrary, Confucianism is regarded to as a political or social movement with influential capabilities. Despite this, Liang Shuming, who was highly influential in coining the philosophy of Neo Confucianism, refused to consider himself as a scholar. The old Confucianism governs social and political aspects of the Chinese people. Neo Confucianism is a phenomenon which provides a new horizon on some issues in the old Confucianism. However, it addresses some of the issues as a repetition of the old Confucianism. It attempts to integrate some aspects of the western culture such as equality, but not entirely. Liang Shuming’s Role in Shaping the New Confucian Liang Shuming, an intellectual,

The Discovery of the Taung Child Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Discovery of the Taung Child - Essay Example Physically, the skull was rounded, a high forehead without brow ridges and a foramen magnum that appeared towards the skull. From Dart’s analysis, the child must have had a bipedal posture. The hole in the skull had a downward orientation indicating that the spinal cord balanced in the middle of the skull. This is contrary to the position of the hole in skulls of an early man walking on fours and the primates whereby the balancing occurs near the rear of the skull. Dart concluded that Australopithecus africanus was the intermediate between the modern man and apes. The young child had a small cranial capacity. Dart attributed its death from an eagle’s attack because of the hole near the eye (150). Discovery of the skull brought about a lot of controversy as the science community. The fact that the skull had a small brain placed it at an earlier age than all the other skulls previously discovered. The young skull was older than all other fossils discovered in Asia and Europe. This meant that all humans had lineage from Africa, fact that very few believed. The discovery of the ape-like skull brought about the issue of ethnicity among many scientists. Some of them did not accept the African lineage because of the inferiority associated with the continent. It is interesting how acceptance of the skull as evidence of early hominid forms took twenty years. The acceptance came after the discovery of more skulls from South Africa presenting sufficient evidence that hominids really lived in Africa about two million years ago.The discovery of Taung Child change the perceptions of the past that life had begun in other continents and brought about a quest for more scientists to explore Af rica looking for other fossils to serve as supporting evidence that early hominids resided in the continent.     

Health Administarion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 20

Health Administarion - Essay Example As nurses require good knowledge regarding human body and medications, it is essential that they must get trained by instructors having great expertise in the field. For a nurse, a patient should be someone very important to him/her. Obviously, it is from their preceptors that the novice nurses must learn such values. In other words, nurses can acquire the required level of knowledge to work well in the healthcare sector only if they are trained by proficient academicians. Visual media and powerpoint have greatly enhanced the ease of teaching. Using video clips, animations and presentations are handy in conveying certain topics to the students. When it comes to learning topics like internal organs, visual media can provide an aid in imparting the concept to students rather than explaining it verbally. It also saves a lot of time by relieving instructors from preparing bulky lecture notes. Powerpoint makes it possible for them to add photos, videos and audio clips to their notes. Therefore, instructors get a single platform through which they can supply study materials in different forms. Internet helps them clarify doubts by interacting with experts from various parts of the world. However, putting multimedia in the first priority in teaching is not a laudable practice; it should act only as a reference aid and teaching should definitely be done by the

Debate on CSR related issues Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Debate on CSR related issues - Coursework Example (Steven, 2003). The responsibilities of businesses are limited to making profits for the initiators or owners of the business. Profit earned from the business is a reward to the risk takers and is used either as income to the owner or it is used to improve their standard of living. The thoughts of businesses having a social responsibility are uncalled for since it is only people who have duties to perform or attend to. This can be loosely translated to mean that it is only people who have social responsibilities to look after. Businesses are artificial persons and in this sense, may have artificial responsibilities that cannot be in any way linked to or associated with the owners of the business (The New York Times, 1970). Persons are responsible at individual level and not the business as a whole, therefore if one was to categorize responsibility in its measure; then it would have to be at individual level and not as cooperate or as a business entity. Business entities are established with goals and objectives and among the most common objective is to increase market share which directly translates to increased profits except for entities or organizations started with the aim of providing community services such as community hospitals and schools (Sullivan & Steven, 2007). The primary responsibility of any cooperate institution to maximize the potential for the value of their product, and this translates into increased customer preference hence increased profits. The business entity will, therefore, have a primary responsibility of maximizing sales through different approaches such as advertising or packaging and these approaches will be aimed at increasing the profit margin. Social responsibilities on the other hand are initiatives related to employment creation, reducing or eliminating discrimination based on race, cultures, religion, ethnicity, among other factors and controlling environmental pollution (The New York Times, 1970). Individual associates

Final project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Final project - Essay Example Globalization requires varied expansion strategies like diversification, bifurcation, mergers, acquisition etc to gain competitive advantage over its competitors. The study will highlight the various factors that affect globalization and its effect on global economy. Factors like how globalization serves purposeful at organizational, reorganizational and integration of financial markets. The integration occurs at varied levels especially at industrial and financial markets. The author of the study will also highlight the various important components of globalization that binds the companies together for a unified purpose. The techniques of research methodology and the findings and analysis of the research methodology would be also included in the study. Finally, the study will conclude with recommendation that can improve the current situation that affects globalization. Background & Rationale for choosing the topic Globalization not only affects and benefits the national economy but also has positive effects on the regional development of the economy. Apart from economic integration free trade conditions (Wagner, 2002). Globalization compels the business organization to adapt to changing market dynamics based on ideological trends that help in the balance of the professional and personal goals of the employees of the organization. Various other factors like unemployment, parallel economic growth, cutting of costs, etc will be considered an important aspect of globalization are some of the major factors which have been considered while choosing the topic. Modernization and growing economy is also a significant contributor to development of the organization. The principal cause of the effects of globalization is that it helps in the modernization and growth of the economy, which is instrumental for understanding its impact on the business activities. This is one of the basic and rationale for choosing the topic for the author of the study, which helps in underst anding the effects and outcome of the globalization. Apart from the above mentioned components factors like deregulation also helps in liberalization of the capital account and also integration of wide range of financial services. Section 2 Literature Review Effects of Globalization Globalization has been regarded as a crucial component from the economic, monetary, socio economic aspects and implications of globalization (Rosnan, Ismail and Daud, 2010). In economics, globalization has played an important role for the development of the economy and has changed the scenario of the world economy. Different types of industries have benefitted importantly from globalization especially the creative industries, which have earned an estimated amount of $60 billion annually over the past few years. The increasing globalization has also impacted the creative, film, car manufacturing and pharmaceutical industries to a large extent for expanding on a larger scale. The globalization of the film industry has made it significant contributor to the world economy. Apart from strategy aspects monetary and exchange policy also helps in emphasis of the maintenance of the economic contention like trade off, credibility, increase in uncertainty etc. This also helps in increased competition among the organizational members. Globalization helps in shaping the social policy and the policy making procedure for the welfare of the organizati

Controls Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Controls - Assignment Example Though, few last sets, that is, eleventh and twelveth box decrease its range. The appropriate action to be taken to enhance the control measures should focus on the third box. The third box is the one that has the highest dispersion from the normal weight and thus increase the cost of production. Control measures implemented by the firm should be revised and emphasis on the last box being packed. Two actions can be taken to keep in check the weight of the boxes. First action is to conduct a audit for the weighing equipment. The problem can be the programming set up of those equipment, which lose count on weight for the third box because it does not exceed the limit for the first and second box. The next action is to change the packaging of the third box. The material used in manufacturing the box should be of relative low weight, so that the difference will be filled by the cereal (product). The range difference is solely a failure of the weighing equipment, because it is not reasonable for a calibrate equipment to exceed the range of product weight in a give n set, for instance, a range of 0.2 ounces exceeds the upper limit by 100%. Therefore, my piece of advice to the Operations Manager is to contact technician to either calibrate the weighing equipment or to purchase another weighing equipment if the current one has become obsolete or

To Shoot or Not to Shoot an Elephant Essay Example for Free

To Shoot or Not to Shoot an Elephant Essay Audience Profile: My target audience for this summary and response paper is my online English class. Being an online course through a community college, this is a large and very diverse class containing people of all ages, all ethnicities, and all kinds of education backgrounds. Audience-Subject Relationship: I believe the main idea of this essay has to do with peer pressure. Although my target audience is a diverse one, I know every single person has in some way been exposed to peer pressure and can relate in some way to the reading. Audience-Writer Relationship: Being in an online class is different and in some ways makes it more difficult to get to know classmates. So far we have shared brief descriptions of ourselves and our writing styles and that’s about it so this first draft will be a good way of showing what we all have to bring to the table. Writer’s Role: I would like to come across as someone with personal experience of this topic. The main idea of this essay, peer pressure, is something that every single person has to deal with at some point in their lives in some way or other so mostly everyone should have personal experience on this idea. A European man is stuck in a dreadful job, in a foreign country, where he is already disliked, and is faced with a decision that would impact a few thousand people. George Orwell, the author of the essay, is a sub divisional police officer in lower Burma. He is bitter towards his job and is ridiculed on a daily basis. He feels as though he is living only to impress the local â€Å"Natives.† There is an elephant loose in the town and George is called to help. When he arrives in the village and does some investigating he finds that the elephant went on a rampage eating, destroying, and killing. A local Burman had been in the way of the elephant and was trampled. Gun in hand, George located the enormous animal with no intentions of harming it, only intending on defending himself if necessary. A large amount of people had followed him, over two thousand and counting. He then realized he had given his followers the idea that he would be shooting and killing the elegant elephant. Now he felt obligated to do so or the Burmans would think less of him and laugh in his face. He internally struggled trying to make a final decision of what to do, although on the outside he knew he could not let the people know he was struggling to decide. He did not want to look weak; he wanted to be viewed as a strong authority. He truly believed the elephant was over his â€Å"must† and would no longer harm anything or anyone, as it was gracefully grazing in a pitiful field. However, he knew that would not be acceptable to the thousands in the audience waiting for him to pull the trigger. He considered testing the elephant by getting close to it to see if it would charge, but then decided that that would not please the crowd either. His final decision was to shoot the beastly elephant. I believe the essay â€Å"Shooting an Elephant† by George Orwell was intended to point out how peer pressure can impact a person’s decision and to make the audience question how they would react had they been in that situation. In the essay George takes many things into consideration as he is faced with the difficult decision of whether or not to shoot the elephant. He considers all the things the elephant destroyed, including a human beings life. He considers the owner of the elephant. He considers how many people are watching him and how they want him to shoot the elephant. The one thing he seems not to consider is his own feelings. He acknowledges that he feels it to be unnecessary to shoot the elephant. In the essay he says â€Å"As soon as I saw the elephant I knew with perfect certainty that I ought not to shoot him.† (Orwell) Although he thinks this, he still does not act on his feelings due to the pressure he felt from those thousands watching and wanting him to do it. He thinks â€Å"The crowd would laugh at me† (Orwell) if he did not do it. He cares more about what others think about him than what the actual right thing to do is. He thinks â€Å"I had got to shoot the elephant. I had committed myself to doing it†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Orwell) Against what he thought was the right thing to do; against his better judgment, he goes ahead and lies on his belly and shoots the elephant several times. He ends the essay by saying â€Å"I was very glad that the coolie had been killed; it put me legally in the right and it gave me a sufficient pretext for shooting the elephant.† (Orwell) I think that even if the villager was not killed by the elephant, George would still have given into the peer pressure from the people and killed the elephant anyways. He is only using the death of the villager a s an excuse and a safety net to not get in legal trouble for unnecessarily killing the elephant. The fact that a person was killed was not the motivation for shooting the elephant, which is the only thing that bothers me personally. As the reader of the essay, put yourself in George’s situation. Would you have made the same choices George made? The essay takes us through George’s thought process. How would your thought process differ from George’s? In the beginning, personally, I mostly understood George’s way of thinking and why he did what he did. He was already trying as hard as he could to fit in and not be ridiculed for being a foreign authority. George says in the essay â€Å"†¦in every crisis he has got to do what the natives expect of him. He wears a mask, and his face grows to fit it.† (Orwell) I think he was trying to convince the Burmans that he was on their side, and he was afraid if he did not do what the Burmans thought was the right thing to do, then he would give them the idea that he was not on their side. Although I do understand where George is coming from and why he made the decision to kill the elephant, after taking everything into consideration, it still was not the right thing to do and I believe I would have not made the same decision. It is harder said than done to do the right thing when you are pressured to do the wrong thing, but if I were in George’s situation I would have chose not to shoot the elephant. He did it to please the Burmans, but why continuously try to please people when they are already ridiculing you and most likely will not stop? I think that although George made a decision that the Burmans were happy about, they will continue to ridicule him and make his job and life difficult so what really is the point of trying to please these people? At the end of the day everyone is faced with peer pressure and you never know how you would actually react unless you are in that situation yourself because doing something is much easier said than done. Works Cited Orwell, George. â€Å"Shooting an Elephant.† Shooting an Elephant and Other Essays. New York: Harcourt, Brace World, 1950. Gale Cengage Learning Litfinder. Web. 28 June 2012. Reid, Stephen. The Prentice Hall Guide for College Writing. 9th edition. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson, 2011. Print.

For and against the use of vaccination

For and against the use of vaccination I am no longer trying to dig up evidence to prove vaccines cause autism. There is already abundant evidenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦This debate is not scientific but is political (Ayoub, D. (2006).Using your knowledge of immunology, discuss the arguments for and against the use of vaccination. Vaccination has become an extensively useful strategy for the prevention of infectious disease and continues to be one of the most successful health interventions and remains one of societys best healthcare investments (ref). Never in the history of human progress, wrote the pathologist Geoffrey Edsal, Has a better and cheaper method of preventing illness been developed than immunisation at its best (ref). The mainly ambitious aim of vaccination is eradication of the disease. This has been achieved for smallpox; the eradication of polio is being attempted and there has been a dramatic downward trend in the incidence of most of the diseases against which vaccines are currently used. The incidence of the invasive disease Haemophilus influenza, which causes bacterial meningitis in children has decreased in the United States of America by an impressive 99%, sby introducing the vaccine in 1988 (ref). Children born in the U.S. are fully vaccinated from the age of 1 years old to adolescence, saving approximately 33,000 lives and an estimated 14 million infections (ref). However, as long as any focus of infection remains in the community, the main effect of vaccination will be the protection of the individual against the disease (ref). The success of a vaccination programme relies not only on the development and use of vaccines themselves, but also on an understanding of the epidemiologic aspe cts of disease transmission (ref).Vaccination aims to prime the adaptive immune system to the antigens of a particular microbe so that a first infection induces a secondary response. The principle of vaccination is simple; to induce a primed state so that on first contact with the relevant infection, a rapid and effective secondary immune response will be mounted, leading to prevention of disease. Vaccination depends upon the ability of lymphocytes, both B and T cells, to respond to specific antigens and develop into memory cells, and therefore represents a form of activity enhanced adaptive immunity (ref).In 1999, the Centres for Disease Control (CDC) and the American Academy of Paediatrics (AAP) requested that vaccine makers should remove a organomercury compound called thiomersal from vaccines (ref). This was phased out of the United States of America and European vaccines, except for some preperations of influenza vaccine (ref). The CDC and the AAP decided that there was no harm in exercising caution, even if it did turn about to be unwarranted, however the actions sparked confusion and controversy which result in the diversion of attention and resources away from the efforts to determine the causes of autism (ref). Child vaccines which contained the thiomersal was alleged to contribute to autism (ref), however in 2004 the Institute of Medicine (IOM) committee rejected any causal relationship between autism and thiomersal-contain ing vaccines (ref). However the incidence of autism increased steadily despite the removal of thiomersal from childhood vaccine (ref). thiomersal exposure has not been accepted as a factor in causing autism (ref). Immunisation safety is a real concern because all vaccines may cause side effects. Both healthcare workers and patients need reminding that immunisation is an induced controlled stimulus to the immune system, so therefore some adverse reactions can be expected. Most of the reactions however, are transient and mild. Immunisation safety concerns have existed since the day of the first available vaccine. Since the introduction of Jenners cowpox vaccine, the benefits of saving children from tragic outcomes of common diseases outweigh the risks of perceived adverse events following immunisation. Immunisation safety concerns are different from concerns about other medical interventions because they are administered to generally healthy individuals and the tolerance of adverse events following immunisation is subsequently lower compared to adverse events following medication for an existing illness (ref). The success of immunisation programmed depends on the public confidence in their safety despite the side effects vaccines may cause. Concerns about immunisation safety often follow a pattern: a medical condition is suggested as an adverse effect of the vaccination, then a premature announcement is made of the alleged effects which then results in several years to try and regain the publics confidence in the vaccine (ref). Vaccination in the United Kingdom became widespread in the ear;y 1800s after the work by Jenner (ref). Vaccination acts were brought in to force to encourage vaccination and it was made mandatory that all infants in 1853 were vaccinated (ref). Refusal to have the vaccinations received the highest penalty resulting in a prison sentence (ref). The relationship between the British State and its citizens significantly changed, causing a public backlash. In 1867, a law extended the requirements to the age of 14 years old, however, opponents focused in 1898 on it causing an infringement of individuals freedom, which resulted in a law allowing for conscientious objection to compulsory vaccination (ref). Compulsory vaccination policies at various times provoked opposition from people who believe that the government should not be infringing on individuals freedom to choose what medications they take, even if this increases a risk of disease to themselves and others (ref). Some vaccine critics claim that public health has never had any benefits from vaccination (ref). They argue that any reduction on communicable diseases, which were rampant in conditions where overcrowding, poor sanitation, poor diet and an almost non-existent hygiene existed, reduced due to the changes in the conditions excepting vaccination (ref). Others dispute that vaccines only give a temporary immunity and therefore boosters are required, whereas those who have survived the disease develop a permanent immunity (ref). Children who have survived diseases such as diphtheria go on to develop a natural immunity which will remain longer than any immunity developed by the vaccination (ref). Some critics argue that the benefits of reducing the mortality rates among the general population outweigh all health risks associated to older or weaker adults (ref). Vast improvements have been made to public health (ref). Despite vaccines causing side effects and immunisation safety is a real concern, public attention shifts away from the risks as the success of the immunisation programme increases (ref) and the incidence of disease decreases (ref). However health authorities are finding it challenging to preserve public support for the vaccination programmes (ref).The rate in diagnosis of autism has had a worldwide increase (ref) , driven by the broadened diagnostic criteria and increased awareness concerns have been fuelled that vaccines might cause autism (ref). Theories for this alleged association have mainly centred on the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR vaccine (ref). however, studies in biology and epidemiology have failed to support these claims (ref). The MMR vaccine in the United Kingdom was the subject of controversy, when a paper was published in The Lancet in 1998. The paper written by a Gastroenterologist Dr Andrew Wakefield et al, reporting a small study of 12 children, whom mostly with autism spectrum disorders with sudden onset after administration of the Vaccine (ref). During a 1998 press conference, Andrew Wakefield suggested that it would be safer to give children the vaccine in three separate doses rather than a single vaccination. This suggestion was never supported by the paper and subsequent peer-reviewed studies failed to find any association between the autism and the vaccine (ref). In 2001 and 2002, the controversy grew momentum. In 2001 26% of family doctors felt that the government had failed to prove that there was no link between autism and the MMR (ref). By 2002, over 1257 stories were published (ref). The confidence in the MMR fell as a result of the scare, from 59% to 41% (ref). A survey of 366 family doct ors in the United Kingdom in 2003, reported that 77% would recommend giving the child the MMR vaccine, even if there was a close family history of autism (ref). In the same study an extremely small number, 3% of the family doctors thought that autism could sometimes be the caused by the MMR vaccine (ref). A similar survey (ref) found that confidence in the MMR had been increasing over the previous two years (ref). Most of the UK National Health Service doctors only had the combined vaccine and those who did not want to give their children the combined vaccine had to pay for the separate vaccines or not vaccinate their children (ref), which added to the controversy of the MMR. Tony Blair, who was the Prime Minister at the time, strongly supported the vaccines stating the vaccine was safe (ref mmr vaccine). However, on several occasions Tony Blair would refuse on grounds of personal privacy whether his son had received the vaccine, in contrast the now immunised (ref), The risks of children catching the disease while waiting for the full immunisation coverage decreases with the administration of the combined vaccine instead of separate vaccines (ref). The combined vaccines two injections cause the children less pain and distress, rather that the six injections required by the separate vaccines, and there is the likelihood of some being delayed or missed due to extra clinic visits (ref). Vaccination uptake had significantly increased in the UK when the MMR became available in 1988 (ref mmr vaccine). Health professionals have heavily criticised media coverage of the controversy from triggering a decline in vaccination rates (ref mmr). MMR vaccination compliance dropped significantly after the controversy began in the UK, from 92% in 1996 to 84% in 2002. In 2003, in some London boroughs, it was a low as 615, which is far below the rate needed to avoid an epidemic of measles (ref). The incidence of the three diseases increased significantly in the UK (ref). 56% cases of measles were confirmed in the 1998, this increased over the years and in 2006, 449 cases were reported in first five months of the year (ref)m and the first death since 1992, these cases occurred in children who were inadequately vaccinated (ref). In 1999, cases of mumps began to rising after years of very few cases and by the year 2005, there was a mumps epidemic with nearly 5000 notifications in January 2005 alone (ref). Disease outbreaks also caused casualties in nearby countries. In Ireland an outbreak in 2000 resulted in 1500 cases and 3 deaths, all as a result of the decrease vaccination rates following the MMR controversy (ref) Measles was declared an endemic in the UK in 2008 for the first time in 14 years. A population of susceptible children who would spread the disease was created following the low MMR vaccination rates (ref). MMR vaccination rates amongst English children have remained unchanged in 2007-08, a level to low to prevent another serious measles outbreak (ref). It later emerged that Andrew Wakefield had not informed the medical authorities or colleagues that he had received funding from litigants against vaccine manufacturers (ref). Wakefield has been heavily criticised for instigating a decline in the vaccination rates and medically (ref) especially on the way the research was conducted ethically (ref) The Sunday Times in 2009 reported that patient data was manipulated by Wakefield and misreported the results in his 1998 paper, creating the appearance of a link between autism and the MMR (ref). A systematic review of 31 scientific studies by the Cochrane Library in 2005 concluded that there is no credible evidence to support any links between Autism and the MMR vaccine, and that the MMR is necessary in the prevention of disease with carries the potential rick of complication and even death in some cases (ref). The report also highlighted that the lack of confidence in the MMR has damaged public health and that the design and reporting of the safety outcomes was largely inadequate (ref). Ensuring the safety of vaccination is a major component of the national immunisation programmes of most countries. A major part of this effort is surveillance, and scientific studies about the possible occurrence of adverse events following immunisation. Although a number of vaccine safety studies is increasing, this is not in response to any evidence about the true safety of vaccines, but in response to the increasing number of new vaccines being used and the complex nature of these vaccines. A number of vaccine safety studies have been conducted or are in progress, some in reaction to the climate of concern, some carried out proactively and others as part of ongoing surveillance. However, because the number of safety-orientated studies is increasing, one should be aware that this fact in itself could contribute to the concern. The internet has increasingly become a powerful means of international communication and an almost inexhaustible source of information, capable of playing an influential role in both the positive and the negative sense. It represents a direct and efficacious tool to spread a positive message and to stress the health benefits, economic attractiveness and safety of vaccination. However, inaccurate, misleading or simply wrong information regarding potential side effects or dangers of vaccination spreading through the internet exacerbates worries about vaccine safety and may cause parents to postpone or refuse vaccination of their children. A wide range of issues concerning vaccine safety is being taken up by anti-vaccination groups as well as by other groups whose concerns may reflect local customs, or religious, political or other beliefs. Anti-vaccination lobbies have also understood the possibilities of the internet can be exploited and could strengthen their means to campaign against vaccination. This is demonstrated by the occurrence of a multitude of specific websites heavily relying on emotional appeal while proclaiming a message that undermines the benefits of vaccination. Vaccine scares continue to have an impact on immunisation coverage. To respond to this challenge, there is a need to develop vaccine communication strategies that provide a balance between evidence-based information and advocacy and lobbying activities. Furthermore, compiling independent, international reviews of vaccine safety issues is required, together with relevant statements from authoritative neutral expert groups. This should be done within a strong international collaboration, with direct, early and clear statements agreed on by authorities and other key parties, preceding public communications. Creating a positive environment for immunisation can be achieved by supporting evidence-based information thus repositioning the importance and value of vaccines and vaccination. This will ultimately ease the task of health care decision makers, especially in developing proactive communication strategies to deal with crises that have a potentially negative impact on vaccine coverage, and consequently on the health status of children. Loss of public confidence in vaccination is one of the greatest threats to public health and must be addressed by local, national and international bodies, pooling resources, to prepare for possible issues that might be taken up by anti-vaccination groups or the media. The health care community should actively promote, and personally recommend, the benefits and safety of vaccination in language that is readily and easily understood by the targeted audience.

Traveling with Fuller and Thoreau Essay -- Literary Analysis, Summer o

Traveling with Fuller and Thoreau The mid 1800’s was a time of continued physical exploration of the landscape of America, and an era of opportunity for an intimate inspection of the land; areas sometimes found by the traveler with the assistance of Travel Journals and maps. These detailed records, reflected a destination, and also allowed an intellectual travel of the mind. In Margaret Fuller’s, â€Å"Summer on the Lake,† and Henry David Thoreau, â€Å"Cape Cod,† we experience both their physical, and internal travels, and how each author relates, both physically and mentally, to the natural landscape; the similarities, the differences, and what elucidated each, to seek their journeys. The observed, physical differences of the natural landscapes will be compared, followed by a deeper encounter with Thoreau, as to why, and to whom, his more desolate and dark descriptions of the natural landscape, reached a distinctive, psychological appeal, and how these two views relate to contemporary America. Just the title, â€Å"Summer on the Lake,† creates a refreshing image of glistening water and sunshine, surrounded by evergreens and the voices of children at play, right? As well it should, for that is what the author, Margaret Fuller, had intended to experience as she traveled that summer of 1843, to the Great Lakes. Margaret describes the many travel books and journals she studied to prepare for her trip. â€Å"Murray’s travels I read, and was charmed by their accuracy and clear broad tone.† (Fuller p.27) Yes, she was â€Å"charmed† by another’s words; another’s description of a place she had yet to travel. She Schoener 2 was expecting to find beauty an... ...cape of America, it is even more so today. The major difference is that we are able to learn from authors like Thoreau and Fuller, not to just read the words, but to â€Å"see† what they are saying, and to use that knowledge to envision a landscape that is not just in a travel book, or on a sandy beach, but one that is truly ubiquitous. References: Emerson, RW. The Portable Emerson. Viking Edition:1981 Fuller, Margaret. Summer on the Lakes. Reprint 2010 Thoreau, HD. The Portable Thoreau. Viking-Penguin Edition 1977 Thoreau, HD. Cape Cod. Dover Publications. 2004 Encyclopedia Britannica, online â€Å"Transcendentalism† 2010 Abrams: Class notes: 10-4 through 10-25 Note: RE: Fuller. My text was missing the intro-page 7. I used several other editions found online to gather information, therefore, my page numbers may not relate correctly to any one edition.

Racism in the Film Remember the Titans Essay -- Movie Film Football Ra

In the movie "Remember the Titans" there are many lessons that every person should learn in their life. One of the most important lessons is that of racism. In this day and age some people believe that racism is over because there are no longer any slaves, some people believe that there is still racism but that it is ok. I believe that those people would benefit a great deal from seeing this movie. I know that there is still racism, I also know that it is not ok. There is a scene in this movie where the coach takes the team on a long run in the middle of the night. They end up at the break of dawn at a cemetery. The coach tells the young men of the battle that was fought on that ground. He told of the blood shed on those grounds that turned the whole area red. This can help many people that want to make a difference in this world. They had to stand up for their new knowledge to people that they love and trust. The people in this story go through a great transformation from hating each other to being as close as brothers but I do not feel that the end result is the most important part. These boys had very difficult decisions to make. I think that all these young men were raised to be racists to varying degrees. This graveyard moment was a very clear message that could not be misunderstood. They learned tolerance for those of their loved ones that couldn?t or wouldn?t learn as quickly as they did. If we are to ever overcome the misguided beliefs we gain from our parents we need a very good explanation of why we should believe another way. Without this I do not think that the team would have ever come together because they had been raised to hate each other their whole life. The learned the importance of friendship and what i... ...n effort to get along. Their friendship was so secure and they were so pleased that they had learnt to overcome the racial issues and spent the time to get to know each other. They both still acted as if they were better than each other and they weren?t going to attempt to change this, even when they were playing football together. If something went wrong they would blame each other, or disagree, and always end up fighting and usually about different things, like who was better and right. By observing the friendship emerging between Gerry and Julius other people began to realize that having friends of a different race was not wrong. This also made Gerry and Julius?s friendship grow even stronger as they made a huge impact on the community. They started to understand each other and created a bond that was so strong that their appearance didn?t seem to matter anymore. Racism in the Film Remember the Titans Essay -- Movie Film Football Ra In the movie "Remember the Titans" there are many lessons that every person should learn in their life. One of the most important lessons is that of racism. In this day and age some people believe that racism is over because there are no longer any slaves, some people believe that there is still racism but that it is ok. I believe that those people would benefit a great deal from seeing this movie. I know that there is still racism, I also know that it is not ok. There is a scene in this movie where the coach takes the team on a long run in the middle of the night. They end up at the break of dawn at a cemetery. The coach tells the young men of the battle that was fought on that ground. He told of the blood shed on those grounds that turned the whole area red. This can help many people that want to make a difference in this world. They had to stand up for their new knowledge to people that they love and trust. The people in this story go through a great transformation from hating each other to being as close as brothers but I do not feel that the end result is the most important part. These boys had very difficult decisions to make. I think that all these young men were raised to be racists to varying degrees. This graveyard moment was a very clear message that could not be misunderstood. They learned tolerance for those of their loved ones that couldn?t or wouldn?t learn as quickly as they did. If we are to ever overcome the misguided beliefs we gain from our parents we need a very good explanation of why we should believe another way. Without this I do not think that the team would have ever come together because they had been raised to hate each other their whole life. The learned the importance of friendship and what i... ...n effort to get along. Their friendship was so secure and they were so pleased that they had learnt to overcome the racial issues and spent the time to get to know each other. They both still acted as if they were better than each other and they weren?t going to attempt to change this, even when they were playing football together. If something went wrong they would blame each other, or disagree, and always end up fighting and usually about different things, like who was better and right. By observing the friendship emerging between Gerry and Julius other people began to realize that having friends of a different race was not wrong. This also made Gerry and Julius?s friendship grow even stronger as they made a huge impact on the community. They started to understand each other and created a bond that was so strong that their appearance didn?t seem to matter anymore.

Description Essay

During my time as a child, I remember visiting so many places with my family throughout Southern California. One of the best memories was when I visited Lake Arrowhead. Located in the beautiful mountains of San Bernardino, Lake Arrowhead is a tiny city where every family would enjoy living in. Not only is Lake Arrowhead Village a great place to live but great place to enjoy nature’s beauty at any time of the day. I remember Lake Arrowhead for its beautiful scenery, it is family-oriented, and it has many outdoor activities. While visiting Lake Arrowhead in the winter time, I fell head over heels with the beautiful scenery that nature brought upon my eyes. As I arrived to the house in the evening, I looked up and I was able to see the stars that lit up the sky above me. As I walk down to the lake, I was able to hear the crickets’ chirping and the owls hooting as they hear the crackling of the snow that I’m stepping upon. As I look through the horizon of the snow, I saw the never ending slope falling towards the lake that apparently was frozen. As I sat on one of the unfrozen steps, I looked up once again, and I see the beautiful full moon sitting on a cloud. The stars shined even brighter when the moon glistened its light down to Earth. The lake looked really calm and I only saw a couple of ripples being caused by a female duck and her ducklings swimming in the middle of the lake. In the morning when I looked outside the window, the sun shined beautifully through the icicles that dangled down the side of the house. When I drove down to the city, you can see the cities that are at sea level. As I continued looking down, I see the clouds climbing up the mountains. And as I reach out of the car’s window, I can feel the refreshing mist that touches my fingertips. The scenery of the cities down below can’t no longer be seen because of the clouds the cover the scene like a blanket that stretches miles away across the sky. While walking through the forest, the leaves kept falling one by one. As the night approaches once again, the sunset looks like if someone painted it precisely to appear like an orange-ish and purple like sky as it gets darker every second it passes. Besides having beautiful scenery, Lake Arrowhead is family-oriented. While spending the weekend in Lake Arrowhead, I got to spend plenty of time with my family. In The Lake Arrowhead Village my family and I got to eat in a Mexican oriented restaurant called â€Å"Papagayos†. While eating in Papagayos, I got to talk with my family about many situations that we never had spoken about. For instance, I talked about what I thought I should do as my career. My family supported my decision and is helping me get to it. We also got a chance to explore their outdoor mall. There are many events in The Lake Arrowhead Village that are family oriented, such as family talent shows. Every Saturday, there is a competion for almost everything. There are times where they open up a fair close to the village for the weekend. Me and my brothers got to play many of the games and won many prizes. In Lake Arrowhead, there are many fun activities all over for families to enjoy their time no matter in what season we are in. Besides having a beautiful scenery and being family-oriented, Lake Arrowhead has many types of outdoor activities throughout the entire year. During spring time, you can jog for miles while enjoying the warm sun rays hitting your back. You can also hike between make of the resorts that provide mountains that are safe to climb. During the summer time, you can enjoy your time playing many sports such as volleyball. You can also spend your time on  your private boat and swim in the lake whenever there are heatwaves. Many people get their tan whenever the sun is really bright. In fall,

Pro Gaming Essay

Gaming for a living always seemed like some sort of adolescent dream growing up. Being paid to play your favorite game was something most kids only fantasized about, but now in 2013, it actually can be a reality for the truly hard working and talented. Electronic sports, also known as eSports has exploded worldwide, and with it, there is an entire class of 15 to 30 year olds who now play games for a living. Out of the millions that play titles like Starcraft, Defense of the Ancients or League of Legends, these players have gotten so good that many can make a full-time living out of gaming. The top few players in the world even pull in six figure salaries between sponsorships, team salaries and tournament winnings. So, how can you follow their lead? One thing should be clear from the start; pro-gaming involves a lot of hard work and determination to emerge as the top player. Firstly, gaming can be started at any age! As for me, I was heavily influenced by my elder brother in gaming since young, as I would often watch him play computer games because there was only one computer at home. It all started from a popular Multiplayer Online Battle Arena (MOBA) game which is the Defense of the Ancients, also known as DotA for short. I played it for 5 long years before deciding to move onto another similar game but with a much different mechanics, League of Legends or otherwise known as LoL. After playing casually for years, one might want to start venturing into competitive gaming, which also applies for me since I enjoy gaming very much. You will definitely need to find a gaming team of your own. But to do so, you have to practice and play the game a lot to get better at it. And if you play often enough, it will allow you to meet other better players out there too. From there, you can make friends with the people and plan to form a team together to take part in local gaming competitions and compete against other fellow local competitive gamers. Never take these chances of entering a competition lightly though, give it your best when competing whether in team play or individual skills. Because you will get scouted if your skills are recognized by professionals who plan to set up a pro-gaming team consisting of various best players from the different teams he or she have observed during the game play. Congratulations, you are now a part of a professional gaming team! You finally get to do something you like, which is gaming for a living. What now you say? This involves a lot of commitment on your part, be very hardworking, start practicing and training really hard, especially as a team. It is important that you get used to playing with four other strangers, or better yet bond with them as much as you can. Teamwork is crucial in MOBA games. Be part of a community, whether it is participating in forum discussions or keeping yourself updated with the game, it is important that you are not practicing in a vacuum. Outside input and strategy discussions with friends who also play is important when you are going pro. Needless to say, you will have to work like any other working adult, just that your two off days might be on weekdays instead of weekends as many teams are often more free to train during weekends. Next is to start streaming your games regularly and grow a following of viewers. Make updates of your games as they progress and interact with your viewers. Remember the more of a following you have, the bigger your advantage is. This will push you to become better and represent your viewers in all tournaments. Lastly, always watch previous tournaments game replays, especially the more successful ones, to study other teams’ strategies and understand their game play. This will help in the future to use these strategies to defeat teams or to counter their strategies. Another way to do so is to scrim often against better opponents to constantly improve and learn from mistakes. Being a professional gamer has its perks; not just one or two that I have no idea where to even start from. Well what else could be better than earning your money with your passion? And you get paid to play, enough said. Moving on to be a professional gamer, you need to enter and win tournaments. Games like Starcraft 2 and League of Legends has crossed the five million dollars mark in prize money. Seriously, this is easy money and all you have to do is commit your time to training everyday spending almost ten to twelve hours in front of your computer. If your team is doing very well, sponsorship opportunities from various huge names for gaming gears like Razer or Steelseries will come knocking at your door. Excellent gaming equipments were never cheap to begin with anyway, so sponsorships like this help you hone your skills better to perform well during tournaments. Often these companies will also sponsor your travelling and accommodation when your team is required to head overseas for certain tournaments. So basically, all your expenses are sponsored except for your shopping! I am sure this will benefit more for female gamers than to males. While travelling around the world to compete, you get to go to places and meet people; you might even be urprised that you have fans from overseas even if your team is not famous to begin with. It’s always experiences like these which are hard to come by that make your trip an unforgettable one, a once in a lifetime experience. It is also advisable to make your team marketable to fetch in commercial deals from your sponsors so the income will not be stagnant. Lastly, you gain fame and respect from it, learn to keep your cool in games and the fulfillment and satisfaction rewards as you reap the fruits of your labor. Benefits come with disadvantages too. Your life is pretty much repetitive, which means long hours of constant, epic combat with people across regions every day. Missing on family engagements as much of your time is dedicated to gaming, so you will have to find a balance for it. Male gamers might have trouble finding their other half due to the stereotype that gamers are mostly nerds, while female gamers get stereotyped that we cannot excel in gaming and get flamed all the time because male gamers will just ask us to â€Å"Go to the kitchen and make me a sandwich†, a popular phrases that I’m tired of seeing. Gaming is also a sport, electronic sports. It is not difficult to become a professional gamer as long as you put in the effort and hard work during trainings. If pro-gaming is your passion, never give up and strive to get better, because you can never be the best as people are constantly getting better and overtaking you. It is after all, a legitimate job.

Muted Group Theory

Pant set us this assignment she told us that we could choose any topic at all that she has touched upon in class and we have to note our response to it. It does not need to be a theory only. I read the theories and had Initially thought that I would Like to comment on how men are forced to conform to certain stereotypes and at times have to bottle up their emotions to ensure they are accepted by the people around them. However, 2 days before the submission date, I was casually browsing the internet when I came across the below advertisement.It aught my attention, forcing me research and reflect on it thus completely changing my topic. The ad for a Jewelry brand shows high carat diamonds and other precious stones which along with the kind of clothes that the models are wearing and the usage of English language shows that it is aimed at affluent and educated families. The ad shows the woman echoing the thought that ‘l did not choose my husband but I can choose my Jewelry. This to me dispels the notion that some of us have, which Is that only certain rural and attacked' classes actually have limitations put on their redeem of choice.That educated people In urban areas have the luxury of being able to make the decision of the magnitude of choosing one's life partner. Yes, It Is a luxury. No, even many of the financially rich cannot afford it at times. In my experience this luxury has little to do with finances. In fact most of the financially well-off families that I know or have heard off, have more restrictions than those that belong to middle class ‘service' families.Most of my friends that come from high income ‘business' families have been conditioned to do whatever they want in life, hey have the best of facilities and freedom to do whatever they want, Except choose a life partner belonging to a significantly different economic background than themselves. For some of them even the person Is chosen by the parents, not on the merits of the per son, rather on his/her formally business and finances. The concept of using marriage for forming stronger business or political alliances Is not new.The marriage between McHugh emperor Kafka with the Ragout princess Soda was a marriage of alliance. My wife and I have picked out the perfect spouse for my son. They have developed a wonderful relationship together over the years, with great chemistry and warmth. She comes from a family that has identical values and priorities to ours and would make wonderful in-laws. They are both 9 years old. I (Bussing, 2011) Jeff Bussing was uses this real life incident that he came across to further talk about arranged marriages in business and specifically in entrepreneurship.Movies like Kabuki Sushi Kabul Sham (2001), Arthur (1981 and 2011), Dialed Outlandish El Cayenne (1995) etc. Have highlighted this practice over the years. Kabuki Slush Kabuki Sham showed a very wealthy family's patriarch who was educated, well mannered, generous and a loving family man, but when the decision of his son's marriage comes up his sentiments are that his son does not need to be Involved In the decision of his marriage. When his wife tries to suggest that the son should be consulted in this She is finally silenced with a ‘Eke day an†¦ Bas eke day' which translates to ‘Vie said so†¦That's it'. No further discussion required. Arthur, the drunk heir to his family's fortunes has every conceivable luxury available, as long as he agrees to marry a wealthy heiress of his family's choosing. He falls in love with a ‘common working class girl' which is unacceptable to his grandmother. She threatens to disown him from the family fortune if he does not marry the wealthy heiress she chose. Dialed Outlandish El Cayenne has the family patriarch who had fixed his daughters marriage to his friend's son in the infancy of both the children itself.The family since moved to a different continent and the children have grown up in envir onments that are poles apart with no contact with each other. But when the girl finishes her higher education she is expected to accept marrying the man without even meeting him first. This is not to say the parents don't care about their children, they care deeply. They Just assume that they know better than their children. Here the parents hold the power and act out the role of the Dominant group as per the Muted Group theory and the children form the Muted group.The Muted Group Theory (MGM) was put forward by anthropologists Shirley and Edwin Arden and was further elaborated by Cherish Kramer and others like Robe, Herring, Radii Copra etc. The dominant group does not intentionally silence the muted group; they may not even realist they are doing so till it is explicitly pointed out to them. Most Muted groups tend to try to speak, but their words fall on deaf ears. When this happens continually over a period of time, they ‘lose their voice'. Losing their voice means not Just the ability to spell out opinions.It goes deeper; they accept things as they are and to them will always be and stop thinking about it altogether. The Just quietly do what they are told to do. Another interpretation of the Muted Group Theory was put forward by Emily Hartley in her research paper titled ‘Muted Group Theory Application in the Indiana Wesleyan University Theatre Program'. (Hartley, 2012) She applied the MGM to her the universities theatre program and found that the theatre students were being ‘muted' by the conservative institute which had strict rules about censorship.Since most plays contained some or the other ‘bad' language they were not allowed to stage those productions. There were also several other factors that were contributing to the silencing process such as the Theatre advisory board, the faculty, the administrative and financial policies. All of this was curtailing the artistic expression of the students which can demoralize and limit in tellectual growth. This is not to say that things cannot be changed. There are many ways to unmet a muted group. Some strategies that have been found to be effective are: 1.Calling out and attaching nomenclature to the methods used for silencing the muted groups. Making the dominant groups realizes that they are silencing the others. 2. Celebrating the things that others use to suppress the muted groups with. Egg: LIGHT community taking pride in their sexuality and holding parades. 3. Creating a new language that is more suitable to the muted group capable of reflecting the opinions they want to express. Egg: movies, painting, an actual language, computer mediated communication etc.

PHI 208 What Is Philosophy Essay

Many philosophers insist that our most strongly held beliefs should be examined and critically evaluated. Using the required text and outside sources, explain what philosophers mean when they say that beliefs need justification? If you are having trouble making friends on campus, get involved in a club or two. Find any organized activity that you are interested in, and you will automatically be spending time with other students who share at least one of your passions. It can be helpful to have friends who are fellow students but not your immediate classmates. This work PHI 208 What Is Philosophy includes composition on philosophy meaning Philosophy – General Philosophy Many philosophers insist that our most strongly held beliefs should be examined and critically evaluated. Using the required text and outside sources, explain what philosophers mean when they say that beliefs need justification? If you are having trouble making friends on campus, get involved in a club or two. Find any organized activity that you are interested in, and you will automatically be spending time with other students who share at least one of your passions. It can be helpful to have friends who are fellow students but not your immediate classmates. This work PHI 208 What Is Philosophy includes composition on philosophy meaning Philosophy – General Philosophy Many philosophers insist that our most strongly held beliefs should be examined and critically evaluated. Using the required text and outside sources, explain what philosophers mean when they say that beliefs need justification? If you are having trouble making friends on campus, get involved in a club or two. Find any organized activity that you are interested in, †¦ Search for more tutorials here – https://bitly. com/1wyS4ob If you are having trouble making friends on campus, get involved in a club or two. Find any organized activity that you are interested in, and you will automatically be spending time with other students who share at least one of your passions. It can be helpful to have friends who are fellow students but not your immediate classmates. Philosophy – General Philosophy Many philosophers insist that our most strongly held beliefs should be examined and critically evaluated. Using the required text and outside sources, explain what philosophers mean when they say that beliefs need justification? †¦

HRM Models

This report is about human resource management. Betcherman et al. (1994) defined human resource into three aspects: organizational and job design, organizational culture, and personnel policies and techniques as to ensure that the workers full prospective or potential can be achieved. According to Storey (2001:5) Human Resource management is defined as ‘a distinctive approach to employment management which seeks to achieve competitive advantage through the strategic deployment of a highly committed and capable workforce, using an integrated array of cultural, structural and personnel techniques. Marchington and Wilkinson, (2002) identified through research that people really do make the difference in human resource management. The truth behind this is that it’s supported on ‘high-commitment’ model which ensures that investing in people/human resource makes good business. This lay a foundation for the human resource professionals to make point that people rea lly are their most important resources to the organization which now leads to work out how principals can be then turned into practice. This report will show how human resource works in sports industry and there will be critical examine on hard and soft model followed in the Bolton Wanderers case study and which model is more prevalent and successful in day to day operations and management activities. Human resource management is the most important department in any organisation to improve their knowledge and increase a good strategy towards employees. Mainbody According to Storey (1992) there are two ideal and essential models of Human resource management one is ‘hard’ also known as Michigan model and other one is ‘soft’, i. . , Harvard model. The hard model of human resource management highlights the term ‘resource’ which adopts a logical approach in the management of employees in which people are taken as financial factor where cost must be controlled. Whereas, the soft model accentuate ‘human’ and hence training and development is given more emphasis in this model on a closer look to ensure the employee development and that the employees are adopting the strategies and policies so that a high level of staff can be achieved who can deliver their skills and give a better turnover in the competitive environment. Bratton and Gold, 1999) Michigan Model Legge (1995) states that in hard model there is a trend to see employees as to be supervised and mastered following quantitative, intellectual and calculative approach to get ensured that the work force is expeditiously positioned to get the maximum advantage. It is concerned with the no of employees and whether every single person is meeting the goals of the organisation. (Fombrun et al. , 1984). While planning the policies one part of hard model; administration need to know what is the turnover rate and is based more on statistics rather than behavioural science of human being (employees) and is more appropriate in sports sector where pressure of work is much more. Furthermore Michigan model is the human resource cycle, which starts from development, move forward to selection, performance, and appraisal and than back to development or to Reward. Related to Bolton Wanderers football club case study The development of the football club is the important part, but at Bolton Wanderers, it was not a good situation, because those were posted financially and have a high debt burden. The reason was a newly formed football stadium, when in 1999 Sam Allardyce was appointed as manager with the premises to promote the club from First Division to Premier League and to establish there with given opportunity. Moreover Bolton Wanderers ensure that every member was feeling to be a part of Bolton ‘family’. Furthermore the heavy debt burden effected on selection highly, because they could not attract the best players with huge salary. Thereby they decided to expand their scouting network and academic facilities to afford their own youth to be selected for the first team and prepared to play in a high level. So that many players, who was playing in first team came from their own team. So the club was trying to gain the commitment and goals of the players. The purpose of managing the system of rewards within the organisation is to attract and retain the human resources the organisation needs to achieve its objectives. To retain the services of players and maintain a high level of performance it is necessary to increase their motivation, commitment and flexibility by a variety of means, including appropriate management style, competitive compensation package and supportive culture (Armstrong and Murlis, 1994). This way clubs align their player and organisational objectives while the reward management is highlighted. Rewards not only comprise of just wages or salaries, bonus, commission, profit sharing but also non-financial rewards like for e. g. opportunities for career development. McKenna and Beech, 2002) Bolton Wanderers offered pay and a reward package to players and coaching staff, which was one of the some lowest costs within the Premier League. In addition the high investment in sport science was made that the player should be fit and can play and also the performance should be good. This technique was attracting some outstanding players because through the operation of these technique was for them possible to expand their playing careers. In addition players could advertise themselves for best club due to good performance. According to Cowling and mailer (1998) appraisals are essential to get a brief idea about the course of information which constantly elucidates the purpose and aims in pursuit of mutually agreed target between managers and subordinates. There are contradiction like people who support limiting its use, argues that linking it to pay can demoralize attempts to provide genuine criticism and an emotion-free review of strengths and weakness while the others who do think that the pay should be linked to appraisals debate that it helps in motivation and the employee involvement. In the sports context, employees in those cases receive appraisal from the news-channel, radio, newspaper and public. The satisfaction of the public is very important so they try to receive a good appraisal, which sometimes are not possible. A 360-degree performance based feedback can be done to obtain a collective review of the individual’s performance. A 360 degree, also known as multi-ratter feedback, is an appraisal technique in which ratings from numerous people like peers, boss, customers, team members, staff and self is taken and then from that feedback appraisals are done for the individual. Stone, 1998) Harvard Model In soft model alternative approaches through which problems can be solved are followed. (Beer et al. , 1984). The organisation attempts to balance the needs of the employees with the organisational requirements. The feelings of the employees are kept in mind rather than just thinking them as a mode of earning profit. The employees consent is seen notably. Staff dedication towards work is increased when they are involved in decision making and job design process. Furthermore Harvard model is the human resource system, where employees influence on human resource flow, reward and work system. Related to Bolton Wanderers Football Club case study As we can find out in the Bolton Wanderers case study training and development has been focused; to understand and learn about the organisation, their policies and implement them in the right way. Training comes under the soft model of human resource management. Training basically means learning the skills that are required in the organisation which is generally structured by the policy makers in such a way that it will develop the individual for the required work. There are two types of learning- learning as acquisition in which qualifications and skills attained are from formal structured courses; and learning as participation in which learning takes place while participating within the set of fellow workers. (Bach, 2005) Moreover the players and coaching staff influence the work system, through the decision if the player or the coach will work with each other. In Bolton Wanderers was the operation that the player from the youth has not any chance to choose the coach, because the still need a chance to play in first team and think afterwards to move to another club if there is any offer. Furthermore the reward is influenced by players to deliver a good performance, e. g. Bolton Wanderers was playing in season 2004-5 since 4 Years in Premier League and they also was attend in UEFA cup. Human resource flow conduced to motivated players from other players or coach. It is a high impact of employee staff such as coaching staff and players. Due to it increase the team work and every one is for each other there. Talking about hard model and soft model in the report, when we apply hard model which just focuses on placing skilled people required for the organisations objectives. Application of this model to the Bolton Wanderers which aims at reducing the costs ultimately leading to control and decrease the debt by following feedback method tells us that even when its important, applying Hard model does help in this case, as skills are required, rather than production. Finding right applicant for the right job is necessary rather than getting them in the job. Right recognition of an applicant is also very important as it saves the time for another recruitment it turns fail and thus, adds up to another cost in the accounts of an organization. Millmore et al. 2007) Conclusion To conclude the report it is better understood and observed that the applications of different models, practices and strategies have different implications depending on which industry we analyse the working and performance of the employees. Industries like banking or financial sectors have different set of rules to handle their employees inclining more on hard models of human resource mana gement. Where the sport industry also being success oriented centring the employees through their performance is inclined towards hard models.

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