Faith versus Reason in the Human Genome Project :: Essays Papers

Confidence versus Reason in the Human Genome Project Do people reserve the privilege to play God? This inquiry sneaks as a main consideration while depicting the goal of the Human Genome Project. The Human Genome Project is a worldwide examination sorted out to portray the genomes of human and chose model creatures through complete mapping and sequencing of their DNA.1 When the portrayal of qualities happens, numerous mechanical advancements will result. Having a Human Genome Project was imagined in the mid 1980’s. It is required to be finished in 2003. Congress supported the Human Genome Project trusting it would prompt cures.2 Although the Human Genome Project seems, by all accounts, to be engaging and recipient, it has its skeptics and rivals. One specific debate is the subject concerning the Human Genome Project is the topic of confidence versus reason. The advocates accept that the Human Genome Project can just profit individuals by opening the codes of specific illnesses. A few rivals have made the conviction that people c ould accept the job of God. They feel human lives could be controlled like manikins. The major opponent’s figure by diagnosing infections of acquired attributes, that there will be an impact on points concerning quality improvement, development, and fetus removal. Because of the numerous innovative advances, the Human Genome Project could prompt such an unbelievable marvel as Gene Enhancement. Quality Enhancement can be depicted as the utilization of hereditary designing to gracefully a trademark that parent may need in a kid that doesn't include the treatment or counteraction of disease.3 By upgrading qualities, researchers could essentially assume the job of God. Defenders of quality upgrade accept that researchers could improve the world a spot. Through upgrade of qualities, guardians can improve their child’s in general prosperity. For instance, if there were a family normal for being short, the specialists would have the option to change the qualities around and make the youngster tall. Human insight could definitely improve, prompting an improvement in world conditions. On the off chance that knowledge expanded, there might be potential for innovative achievements. Some, notwithstanding, contradict the idea of quality upgrade. The rivals feel that the researchers will have an excessive amount of intensity. They keep on scrutinizing the obligation of doctors adjusting a patient's inheritence.4 They feel the decent variety God expected to have would in the end vanish. Guardians would all need their kids to have unrivaled attributes, subsequently prompting a typical bond and rivalry between all kids. Confidence versus Reason in the Human Genome Project :: Essays Papers Confidence versus Reason in the Human Genome Project Do people reserve the privilege to play God? This inquiry hides as a central point while depicting the target of the Human Genome Project. The Human Genome Project is a global examination sorted out to describe the genomes of human and chose model life forms through complete mapping and sequencing of their DNA.1 When the portrayal of qualities happens, numerous mechanical achievements will result. Having a Human Genome Project was considered in the mid 1980’s. It is relied upon to be finished in 2003. Congress supported the Human Genome Project trusting it would prompt cures.2 Although the Human Genome Project has all the earmarks of being engaging and recipient, it has its cynics and rivals. One specific debate is the subject concerning the Human Genome Project is the topic of confidence versus reason. The advocates accept that the Human Genome Project can just profit individuals by opening the codes of specific infections. A few rivals have made the conviction that people co uld accept the job of God. They feel human lives could be controlled like manikins. The major opponent’s figure by diagnosing illnesses of acquired qualities, that there will be an impact on subjects concerning quality upgrade, advancement, and fetus removal. Because of the numerous mechanical advances, the Human Genome Project could prompt such an incredible concept as Gene Enhancement. Quality Enhancement can be portrayed as the utilization of hereditary building to flexibly a trademark that parent may need in a kid that doesn't include the treatment or anticipation of disease.3 By improving qualities, researchers could essentially assume the job of God. Defenders of quality upgrade accept that researchers could improve the world a spot. Through upgrade of qualities, guardians can improve their child’s in general prosperity. For instance, if there were a family normal for being short, the specialists would have the option to change the qualities around and make the kid tall. Human knowledge could radically improve, prompting an improvement in world conditions. In the event that knowledge expanded, there might be potential for mechanical achievements. Some, be that as it may, restrict the idea of quality upgrade. The rivals feel that the researchers will have an excessive amount of intensity. They keep on scrutinizing the obligation of doctors changing a patient's inheritence.4 They feel the decent variety God planned to have would in the end vanish. Guardians would all need their youngsters to have predominant attributes, along these lines prompting a typical bond and rivalry between all kids.

Regional policing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Territorial policing - Essay Example An ongoing manual advancing territorial policing refers to seven focal points of provincial policing when contrasted with the past arrangement of regressed units: I) Improvement in the Uniformity and Consistency of Police Enforcement, ii) Improvements in the Coordination of Law Enforcement Services, iii) Improvement in the Distribution and Deployment of Police Personnel, iv) Improvement in Training and Personnel Efficiency, v) Improved Police Management and Supervision, vi) Reduced Costs and vii) Improved Career Enhancement Opportunities for Police Officers. (Local Police Services, 2011, pp. 3-4). There are likewise some acknowledged detriments and these are a) Loss of Local Non-authorization Services, b) Loss of Local Control and c) Loss of Citizen Contact. A nearby investigation of the favorable circumstances uncovers that the primary recipients of territorial policing are the administration divisions, and obviously the citizens who finance them, on the grounds that local policing decreases expenses and makes proficiency gains. It could likewise be contended that greater consistency and consistency, alongside better administration and oversight of work force brings about a more pleasant and increasingly successful police power, which again benefits the citizen. The production of greater units of administration conveyance additionally benefits police work force, in light of the fact that there is a more prominent potential to move sideways to attempt various jobs and increase more understanding, and to apply for advancement. The drawback of underscoring provincial policing over neighborhood or network policing, is that some conventional practices, for example, the utilization of police for specific nearby non-law requirement capacities, for example, those identified with stopping and allows, may no longer include police. This evacuates the consolation of police nearness from the open space, and results in lower perceivability and maybe likewise a diminished linkage between the nearby individuals and their police power. In a manner local policing

Impacts of CAI on Rural Students

Impacts of CAI on Rural Students Impacts of CAI on Rural Students Home›Research Posts›Impacts of CAI on Rural Students Research PostsMethodologyThe research was conducted in two phases, the first phase was done in fall of 2009, and the second was done in the spring of 2010. During the fall period, the sample size of the control group   was 33. The training group on the other hand, had a sample size of 168 students. In the springtime, the sample size of the control group was 42 students. The training group sample was however, 131 students.The choice of methods used in analyzing or obtaining data in this research varied depending on the type of the information required. It also varied depending on the size of the samples being used. Statistical methods were used to analyze the data obtained after the research was conducted. This was done in order to give a simple way of comparing the results obtained (pre-test post-test) (Spear-Sterling Sternberg, 1996).The methods used in this research included; pretest-postte st design, autoskill and academy of reading. The statistical methods consisted of ANOVA, correlation, questionnaires, and t-test. Questionnaires, and pretest-posttest, were used to collect information from the participants while the others were used for analyzing the data to determine whether there was a significant impact on the response to intervention on the reading skills of K-12 students under this study.This study therefore, employed several methods in order to achieve it s objectives. The yearlong quasi-experimental single group Pretest-Posttest design was one of the methods that was used. This is a time series design with participants both pre- and post-tested twice during the year-long study. The pre-test scores is basically used to place the students into their respective training programs and the post test results is used to help the instructors to track the progress and the improvements in reading after the students have undergone the training (Skowron, 2001).RtI is said to be most effective when it includes screening, which is school wide, decision making that is data-based, progress monitoring based on research, collaboration, and development of staff, and reliability of implementation. It is an approach, which involves multiple tiers for providing interventions and services to students. Currently, there is a powerful combination of autoskill and academy of reading   where teachers use scientific interventions to provide services and support to students who are ‘at risk of reading failures’.AutoSkill model used in this study was a dynamic software and it incorporated a balanced approach of theories. It created solutions, which wee award winning and helped to close the gap in achievement experienced in K-12 students. For the past couple of years, AutoSkill program has improved the fluency in reading and math of at-risk students. It acknowledges the success of a reader as a combination of receiving and comprehension use of instructions. Its con tents include clear instructions in phonemic knowledge, development of structured symbol knowledge, development of fluent and accurate ability to decode text to automicity level, ability to apply strategies and skills, and fluency in reading. These elements combined in a single program are found to be highly efficient and effective in addressing the problems of the at-risk students.Phonemic knowledge is the ability to separate sound pulse and bring it out as its components. It is actually the capacity to identify, manipulate, and focus on individual unit sounds like rhymes and syllables of verbal language (Renzulli Reis, 1991).The academy of reading test also utilized in this study used introductory activities, which were taken stepwise. Here the training on phonemic knowledge covered the important skills in a sequential manner. The students started by matching the rhyming words, then went on to those words, which started with similar sounds. When these skills had been achieved, th e students progressed to another step where they matched words, which have the same sound at the end. The contents of the paragraphs for the academy of reading was basically designed such that it appealed to particular groups of participants. In this study, the K-12 students’ paragraph dealt with topics that were engaging and related to their common experiences in their childhood. The progress of each student was graphically represented and it helped the student to know the yields of their efforts.The positive development shown by any student has a big impact in motivation and building self-esteem. The 16weeks training period taken by each student promoted focus with little or no burden on the attention span length. In a learning process, feedback helps a student to know whether the tasks they are undertaking are adequate or not. The academic reading test involved the use of feedback, which was corrective and positive. The computer program recorded student “on-task” time and e rrors in auditory visual, and visual match activities were corrected by a blue underline, and a check mark in green color appeared in case of a correct answer. This computer program tracked the time the students were using it together with on-task time, it did not include the time that the student was idle or downtime. Time on-task against time taken in the program was indicated for every student in each class. Although this may be affected by many other factors, it is a good indicator of implementation quality. A focused and well-monitored implementation was given by a big   time-on-task, relative to the time taken in the program.The tests were done before and after the students were introduced to the CAI training program for 16 weeks each. CAI has become an area of interest for many researchers because of its impacts on low performing students. It has been found to be effective because it is motivational, non-judgmental and gives frequent and immediate feedback. This study was mea nt to determine whether the participants were in a position to operate the machines (computers) with very little supervision. The responses were then measured by the computer and were analyzed at the end of each semester and gains/losses recorded in 36 distinct levels. This was mainly to provide a K-12 student’s profile on proficiency in comprehension reading before and after undergoing the CAI program.The academy of reading test therefore gives an opportunity to build and reinforce the appreciation for principle of alphabets and phonics understanding. This was done by repeatedly exposing the students to words of high frequency and syllables in a development band. It also applied automicity theory beside task-analytic methodology. This theory is a unique procedure of training and includes both visual and auditory-visual matching to sample exercise. These are all meant to improve the automatic responding.The assessment of this test was designed so that the results obtained were con sistent with other scores in standardized tests. Results of the obtained tests were given in multiple formats, which enabled multiple perspective interpretation of the skills of the student. A correlation of “on-task” time to improvement was also analyzed as an insight to the connection of training to improvement. The Academy of Reading Assessment test that has been correlated to the TerraNova modular assessment series is employed in this case and has been validated to the TerraNova with a correlation of .69 to .80 across grade levels.ParticipantsThe participants in this research were k-12 students in Hanson School, which is located in Alexandria. They were chosen because they met these characteristics; these students went to an elementary school in a rural area. They also lived in a Midwestern rural district and came from households of low socioeconomic status.The participants had an age of between 16-18 years and are in K12 grade. They are taken as a representative group as re commended by their teachers. These participants showed evidence of reading risk and were tested in the risk range in reading fluency.The participants were exposed to various selection criteria. Experimental research was used to control and to test causal effects through the processes. It was applicable where the correlation magnitude was wider and where a cause would ensure the same effects were taught. The most important needs of experimental research designs was to eliminate the impact of the intervening, antecedent, and spurious variables. Variables must not be identified first because they are not required for manipulation.However, quasi-experimental research design involved an experiment or the study in which a researcher has no control over the factors being studied. This is a key difference over the experimental research. In this case, there was no random assignment and allocation as in the case of experimental research.In experimental research method, a time analysis was use d for interruption and non-interruption purposes. In quasi method, variables were first identified because they are useful in manipulation for it to affect the dependent variable. The subjects were monitored for sometime so as to record the changes that took place; unlike the experimental where the time was set and was specific.Ethical considerationGenerally, before undertaking any academic research, it is wise to know the ethics behind it. There are three major ethical considerations that should be taken into account. First, the researcher should respect the views of the participant and bare in mind that he/she has a choice to make any decision whether to be take part in the study or not. Therefore the researcher should disclose everything about the research being undertaken. Secondly, the researcher should maximize the benefits to the participants or the society and minimize risks involved.In addition, justice should be administered. Participants should be selected equally so that the benefits accrued are equally distributed .Other groups of people e.g. the prisoners should not be neglected. Apart from these principles, one should ask for permission before carrying out a research in case of a research involving private participants. Advantage should not be taken on those groups that can be easily accessed like children. In this study, the study on the impact of response to intervention on reading instructions on K-12 students was done under the permission of the grade teachers. The selection of the participants was done after  recommendation by their teachers.A method, which would be transparent and mostly accepted in all research, is the quantitative method. Quantitative methods are tailor made to suit the approaches and methods used to define who should be recruited. Random selection is used so as to avoid biasness, for instance random dialing of numbers in the directory. Another useful quantitative method is known as ethnographic. This method studies the behavior of the people in a natural environment setting that seeks to understand the sequence of events.Qualitative research reflects on the perceived nature of a person or item under study. This is to develop experiences, theories, and concepts so as to interpret and analyze the data and information, which have been collected. It uses the process of deduction as a study approach. This is to investigate the situation that allows precise measurement and quantification, which involves a controlled design.DemographicsThe population of K-12 students has been significantly increasing ethically and racially since the 1970’s. 22% of enrollments in secondary and elementary public schools were students of color and has grown to over 40%. In the future, it is believed that schools will become more heterogeneous and by 2034, the majority of the students will be of color. These demographic varieties are seen to exert substantial pressure on teacher education programs in order to solve issues of ethnic, linguistic, and racial diversity.Description of settingThe setting of this research is in Hanson school. Hanson school is a rural school in Alexandria. It is in this school that all the training and testing was done. The residents in this region are considered low-income earners. The training sessions were done in a computer room and sometimes, in other vacant rooms where distractions were minimal. Each student was given a computer and was expected to follow the program instructions provided and answered the questions.TrainingEach student in the representative group was taken through the intervention. Before the intervention was implemented, a training sequence was introduced to the participants so that they could make themselves familiar to the program. The participants needed to understand how the software was used before the end of the training.It was not however, easy to accomplish the research without a difficulty, there were several limitations that were experience d. The quasi-experimental design lacked a control group. This was a simple pre-test, post-test data collection relying upon the verity of the test for support of the hypothesis. The population of readers in this study had ample access to other reading practices and instructions outside the utilized program of instruction. It was therefore, not certain that the change in the reading skills was as a result of the introduction of computer software instructions. There were tremendous variety in the instructional reading treatment of every member of the population.Each member in the group was given different instructions and therefore there was no equality on the extent of the instructions given. Consistency in application of the program also was variable in time and setting. Teachers had no access to several labs and because of time constraints; all teachers were not able to offer equal segments of instruction. Incentives for performance existed for all sample members, however, these in centives varied in consistent types and times offered. Other than this, the instruction program although efficient, was inaccessible in a broad scale. It was also not very accurate compared to human, in identifying and correcting all the errors that the struggling students might have   made. This is however, likely to be the reason why this program was not been administered in a normal classroom situations.General procedureThe K-12 students in this study were trained in two tiers, tier 2, and tier 3. The two tires started with a baseline. A baseline was executed after the pre-test sessions. This baseline consisted a timed reading of a text passage, which was given as a word document, and every participant was expected to read any possible number of words in a specific timed period. The timer was set to start the moment the participant started reading. When this was perfectly done, the participants had to answer a series of comprehension questions as the experimenter writes down the answers. The number of correct answered was used to analyze the performance/improvement of the students and then compared to the initial (pre-test)scores (Rosenthal, 2001).QuestionnairesThis is a method of obtaining data/ information whereby the person being interviewed is given a list of questions and can answer them in two ways. i.e. answering a postal questionnaire where he/she   completes the questions given without the help of the researcher. The other way of answering a questionnaire is whereby the respondent completes the question in the presence of   the researcher. Although the two ways always contain the same questions, the initial way is meant for a case when the anonymity of the respondent is to be protected.Questionnaires should be either closed-ended, which provides only quantitative data, or open-ended whereby the respondent gives a qualitative response to the questions asked. The respondents are required to give their responds in their own words. The use of questionn aires enables a researcher to reach a large of people within a very short time especially when postal questionnaires are used. They are also relatively quick, easily created, code, and to interpret. Although they are recommendable, its design may make it hard for the researcher to analyze complex opinions or issues (Rosenthal, 2001).In this research, two sets of questionnaires were administered. One was meant for the participants and another for the teachers. The questions majorly asked were those regarding the study period and the impacts on the reading skills of the participants. At some point, the respondents were expected to give answers in their own words. The feedback from the two groups was then analyzed and results tabulated as in the results section.Statistical testStatistical tests in this research are very crucial in order to quantify the impact on reading skills when the computer instructions were used to provide tutorials to the group of K-12 students under this study. Testing the ability of the students to use the computer instructions effectively was done by experimenters providing the basic instructions on the initial day of intervention. After this was done, the participants were then allowed to follow the software instructions. The observed results were promising; there was an indication that the students were gaining both knowledge and reading skills, this was done by comparing the pre-test and the post-test scores (Vaughn, et. al., 1993).ANOVA-testAnalysis Of Variance is a technique, which is used to test the difference in any two given means of populations. It uses the hypothesis that two or more population means are equal. The pre-test and post-test means were calculated and compared. Using the hypothesis; i.e. the null and the alternative hypothesis, the differences in the means of the pre-test and the posttest scores showed that there was a significant increase in reading skills of the students   who underwent the training.The t-tests o f the samples were also significant and this meant that there was an impact on the reading skills of the students. The most commonly used t-tests were the student’s t-test,   which are used when the means of the two samples under consideration are equal, and location test, which is used to test whether a population’s mean of a normal distribution has a number indicated by the null hypothesis ( Sizer, 1997).Correlation analysisCorrelation analysis is a technique that is used to determine the relationship between two or more attributes. Correlation coefficient of significant relationship of attributes ranges from -1 to 1. A positive correlation implies that when one attribute increases, the other automatically increases. On the other hand, a negative coefficient implies that an increase in one leads to a decrease in another attribute (Vaughn, et. al., 1993).In this study, correlation of on-task time with improvement was done; this was done to test the impact of the training on the reading skills of the participants. The Academy of Reading Assessment test that has been correlated to the TerraNova modular assessment series is employed in this case and has been validated to the TerraNova with a correlation of .69 to .80 across grade levels.Methodological LimitationsLike every research, this one had some of limitations. One of these was the inability to effectively and efficiently communicate with both the respondents to the questionnaires and the supervisor. This problem was caused by a language barrier on the side of the respondent and the gap between the supervisor and us. This gap was created as a result of the long time taken in collection and sampling of data. Even though the time was not specified, the supervisor would regularly monitor the project. This expressed the need for us to have had timelines, which we did not have. We also faced a problem of the budget going beyond our expectations, forcing us to walk and extra mile and digging into our pockets in some given instances. The problem with the budget extension came as a result of underestimation, which had been done during the planning stage. Another problem that came up was the commitment and energy to undergo all the project tasks. One part, which was specifically very tiring, was the data collection part (Vaughn, et. al., 1993).Summary  The methods described in this research reveal various concerns regarding the use of computers in improving reading skills of K-12 students. As stated earlier, there is need to increase reading instructions especially for those students who have difficulties in reading without adding any work load for the teachers. Student who should be targeted in order to benefit from this supplemental and effective reading instructions are those who attend schools that have a lot of students such that they are overcrowded or are underfunded.Schools, which face financial problems and have large number of students get   a severe stress on the few available r esources. This is experienced especially when there is need to provide additional individual attention to those students who have reading difficulties. When this is the case, efficient and effective computer aided programs should be introduced, although it may be a bit complex (Reis, et. al. 1998).In conclusion, it is realized that autoskill brings a significant intervention solutions especially for students of all abilities and ages who are considered as at-risk. Autoskill solutions are easily implemented, and flexible for helping a wide range of students. These students can be either enrolled in middle, elementary, and high school whose performance levels are both below basic and at basic levels on students taking special education, English, and standardized tests (Rosenthal, 2001).

Risk Is Present Everywhere Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 19 Words: 5578 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Risk is present everywhere. It is an important player in any financial system. As such, the banking institution should manage their risk efficiently in order to survive in this highly uncertain world. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Risk Is Present Everywhere Finance Essay" essay for you Create order . It can be said that Banks are in the business of managing risk, not avoiding risks or a banks success lies in its ability to assume and aggregate risk within tolerable and manageable limits. First author Prof RekhaArunkumar and second Author Dr. G. Kotreshwar. Only those banks that have an efficient risk management system will survive in the long run and the effective management of credit risk is a critical component. Credit risk is the oldest and biggest risk that bank, by virtue of its very nature of business, inherits. This has however, acquired a greater significance in the recent past for various reasons. Foremost among them is the wind of economic liberalization that is blowing across the globe. (Rekha A., 2004). In this literature review, the researcher explain the how credit risk arises and some ideal principle of credit risk management. The research covers theories and previous studies on the equivalent title. Definition of bank In order to have a better understanding of the different type of risk arises from the banking sector. Let define a bank itself. A bank is considered as a financial intermediary who make surplus unit meet deposit unit. More precisely, the bank accepts deposit from surplus unit and gives loan to deficit unit or through capital markets. As, bank are cornerstone of every countries economy, therefore, it is highly regulated. Banks main revenue comes from lending loan. They use an ideology call the fractional reserve banking, that is, they keep 10% of their deposit and lend 90% of it in order to make profits (Wikipedia). The banks have also a minimum capital requirement which has been initiated from 1988. These requirements are regulated by the Basel framework. This framework is regulated internationally. There are also other definitions of banks but generally it contained the same message. According to Crowther, A bank is a firm which collects money from those who have it spare. It lend s money to those who require it. According to Mr Parking, A bank is a firm that takes deposits from households and firms and makes loans to other households and firms. Core function of banks The main business of banks is to grant loan and accept deposit. Loan is a debt, which entails the redistribution of the financial assets between the lender and the borrower. Another core function of the banks is to accept deposit. The bank therefore, make the deficit unit (person needing the loans) meets the surplus units (person accepting the loans). According to Kelly Kendrick (the basics of Business bank loans), there are two basic types of loan mainly consumer loans and commercial loans. Commercial loans are mostly granted to businesses. These loans are granted to finance, financing equipment, financing an office building or construction loan. Consumers loans are made to individuals are used for personal reasons or financing home. The terms of the loan include the payment plan, payback period (or amortization period) and the interest rate. Granting loan is the main source of income for any income for any commercial banks. They give loan to their clients and in return charge an interest rate to the client. The most important income of banks is to accept deposits from its clients. The bank has to accept money from various types of income earners. The bank has to accept the society as a whole; therefore it has to response to all kind of deposits from low income earners to businessmen. For the fixed income earners, their main objective is to keep their money in a safe place and think about their future plans while for business, they deposit their saving mainly as a mode of payments. Relationship between Deposits and Credit risk Banks earn the core amount of their income from the spread between the interest rate they charge to borrowers and the interest rate they pay to depositors. The main reason for lenders and borrowers to enter into relationship is to be able to reduce, the amount of asymmetric information and agency costs. Agency cost refers to cost which are attributed to the transactions, where a banks acts in the form of agents and representatives of their clients and the latter should consent to the particular tasks. Agency costs also mean that bankers require the bank to back its lending with a minimum amount of its own capital ( Over Rein Hetland (May 25, 2011)) also and asymmetric information refers to a situation where the banks are unaware of some information that only the borrowers know. According to an analysis made by Wharton 1999 (Deposits and relationship lendings) , A durable lending relationship, in which the bank gains information about the borrowing firm, has been shown to be valuabl e both to small firms (Petersen and Rajan, 1994, and Berger and Udell, 1995) and to large firms (Lummer and McConnell, 1989, and Slovin, Sushka, and Polonchek, 1993). In particular, continuing relationships are associated with lower loan rates, less stringent collateral requirements, and a lower likelihood of credit rationing. From another regression works by, Over Rein Hetland(May 25, 2011), We see that the existence of a positive deposit account balance increases interest rate margins paid by the firm, but it also increases credit granted which would automatically increase the credit risk of the bank. From the same regression works, Over Rein Hetland also pointed out that, firm borrowers with deposit accounts are more likely to remain borrowers at a bank when the bank faces high loan losses, relative to other borrowers not holding deposits at that bank. In my future analysis, I would like to analyze if the banking sector in Mauritius has been able to cope with the credit ris k arises with the amount of deposit and agency cost. Relationship between Loans and Credit risk The main risk which arises form loan is credit risk. The researchers have characterized loans components and see if, there is any correlation with credit risk. The main components are: Collateral, maturity, size of the loan, type of lender and relationship between customer and bank. Collateral can be defined as the property or other assets that a borrower offers to a lender to secure a loan. Collateral has been classified as a complex debate from various authors. (Stiglilz and Weiss 1981), Bester (1985), Chan and Kanatas (1985) said that, lower risk borrowers are willing to pledge more and better collateral, given that their lower risk means they are less likely to lose it. It can be said it more simpler words that collateral may help to control the problem of moral hazard and asymmetric information. Freixas and Rochet (1997) concluded that high risk borrowers do not need to post collateral whereas low risk ones do, in exchange for lower interest rates. It can be assumed that th e collateral create a situation where both parties make the same effort in order to make the project works. However, the empirical evidence shows that the bankers normally associates collateral to with greater risk borrower. (Orgler 1970), (Hester 1979). There are also some arguments which compromised the relationship explained above, Saunders (1997) claims that the best lenders do not need to post collateral as their credit risk is small. (Manove and Padilla (1999, 2001)) said that, the probability that more collateral entails more non-performing loans or greater probability of default. In my future analysis I would like to analyze if, the Mauritian Banking sector has a positive or negative relationship between loans and collaterals. Maturity In our modern era, the longer maturity date, the more likely, the borrowers would have trouble to repay back the loan. Due, to the volatility of the economies we are currently living in. According to (Jackson and Perraudin (1999), the longer the maturity, ceteris paribus, the greater the risk of the borrowers encountering problems. Flannery (1986) had concluded also that, the maturity is an alternative mechanism for solving the problems of adverse selection and moral hazard in credit relationships. However, this assumption is highly criticized, because in other words, due to the facts that it considered that lower risk borrowers would therefore choose short term finance, the shorter the maturity, the lower the risk. It can be noted that this argument cannot be considered right. As such, the empirical evidence, shows that credit risk and maturity have a negatively relationship (Berger and Udell (1990)), and even no relationship (booth (1992)). In my analysis, I would like to test whether; the maturity has a positive impact on the credit risk. Size of the loan According to Gabriel Jimenez and Jesus Saurina (2002), size of loan is directly related to the size of the borrower, the age of the company and the le ngth of the bank-borrower relationship. They consider those attributes to be an indicator of credit risk. The smaller the loan, it is related to newly created companies which involve greater credit risk, therefore, greater rates of default. Large loan to large companies are considered to be less risky as the big companies has greater financial stability. It can also be noted that large loan are scrutinize in more detail which result in lower rate of default. The empirical evidence from (Berger and Udell (1990) and Booth (1992) agreed with this statement. (Berger and Udell (1995), Leeth and Scott (1989) and Harhoff and Korting (1997) have noted that small companies are more opaque in information terms than large ones, as such they provide more collateral to secure loans. As such, it creates a positive empirical relationship between collateral and credit risk and a negative relationship between size and default. (Gabriel Jimenez and Jesus Saurina (2002). Relationship between type o f lender and relationship between customer and bank on credit risk According to Gabriel Jimenez and Jesus Saurina (2002), a close relationship between the bank and the borrower enables bank to obtain extremely valuable information about the latters economic and financial institution. According to (Sharpe (1990) and Rajan (1992)), this close relationship may produce informational rents for the bank which would enable them to exercise a certain degree of market power in the future. Therefore, banks may be prepared to finance riskier borrowers if they can subsequently offset this high default rate by applying higher interest rates to the surviving companies. (Petersen and Rajan (1995)) I would like to test whether the bonding between banks and customers do have a positive impact on the credit risk. Customer satisfaction has become an important issue nowadays. (According to Ernst Young February 2010). How macroeconomics affect credit risk in the banking sector? Macroeconomic views In general credit risk refers to a situation where, a loan not being paid to the lender. (Vitor Castro (2011/2012)). An analyse of credit risk is vital because it signals that a financial sector has becomes more vulnerable to shocks. (Vitor Castro (2011/2012)). This can help the regulatory authorities to take measures to prevent a possible crisis (Agnello and Sousa, 2011; Agnello et al., 2011) and the analyse is important because many banks bankruptcies are related to the huge ratio of nonperforming loans to the total loans. (Heffernan (2005)). The aim of this literature is to find the distinct economic factors that affect the credit risk in the banking sector. There are factors which influence everyone in the economic as such; it is named credit systematic risk. (Vitor Castro (2011/2012)). The main macroeconomic factors are: Employment rate movements, growth in gross domestic product, stock index, inflation rate and exchange rate movements. These ar e the main macroeconomic policies which surely affect a borrowers repaying rate. There are also factors which are limited only to the borrowers and the financial institution. In other word, the unsystematic credit risk (Vitor Castro (2011/2012)): In the case of individual, we have different traits and personality, their financial position and their particular credit insurance (Vitor Castro (2011/2012)) To the companies, management, financial position, sources of funds and financial reporting and their ability to pay the loan and specific factors of the industry sector. (Vitor Castro (2011/2012)) According to many other researches, Aver (2008), Bohachova (2008), Bonfim (2009), Kattai (2010) and Nkuzu (2011) have pointed out that these factors considerable influence on the changes of credit risk. Aver (2008) shows that the credit risk of the Slovenian banking loan portfolio depends especially on the economic environment (employment and unemployment), long-term interest rates and on the value of the stock exchange index. According to other research, Kattai (2010) Fainstein and Novikov (2011) the latters have arrived for the same conclusion basing their study for three countries mainly, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania). These results have indicated the importance of interest rate and economic growth in the good running of the banking system. The researchers have also pointed out the impact of macroeconomic factors on credit default. Many researchers have concluded that, the macroeconomic have an impact on credit default. Ali and Daly (2010) had compared Australian data and Us data for the period 1995-2009 and they found that, the level of economic activity, interest rates and total debt provide meaningful indicators for aggregate default. According to Pesola (2005) regression model an analyses of the macroeconomic determinants of banking sector distresses in comparison of some industrial countries for the period 1980-2002, the author has concluded that h igh customer indebtedness combined with adverse macroeconomic surprise shocks to income and real interest rates contributed to the distress in banking sector. More precisely, Pesola (2005), Jimenez and Saurina (2006), Bohachova (2008) and bonfim (2009) they concluded by saying that the result of wrong decisions of financing will become apparent only during the period of recession of the economy and this will cause the growth of non-performing loans and loan losses. In other survey, made by Louzis et al. (2012), an analysis of nine greek banks over the period 2003-2009, the author have concluded that GDP growth rate, unemployment rate and also the lending rates have a deep impact on the level of nonperforming loans. Following these analyses of the researchers, I would like to analyse the effect of the macroeconomics on the credit risk and acknowledge whether they are correlated. There are also some analyse work on the credit unsystematic risk. Jimenes and Saurina (2004) and Ahmad and Ariff (2007) had concluded that collateralized loans have higher probability of default and that loans granted by savings banks are riskier and that a close bank borrower relationship increases the willingness for banks taking more risk. It is important to understand the macroeconomic views in order to have an adequate understanding of the impact credit risk on the banking sector. By underlying the basis macroeconomic views, it would be easier to understand the dilemma the bankers are in. Credit Risk in banking According to the Basel Accords, the main risks the banks are facing are credit risk, market risk and operational risk. In the Basel Accords words, credit risk is the risk of loss due to an obligators non-payment of an obligation in terms of a loan or other lines of credit. According to (Joan Selorm Tsorhe p.6) and (R.S. Raghavan, 2003) credit risk is the potential that a bank borrower/counter party fails to meet the obligations on agreed terms. According to Prof Rekha Arunkumar, credit risk occurs when a borrower default to repay the lent money and remain the most important risk to manage till date. The banks cannot have any guarantee that the borrowers would fulfill its obligation. The borrowers may incur any kind of difficulties in a foreseeable future which would result in the crystallization of credit risk to the bank. As such, it is considered as one of the most important and complex risk, the bank may have to deal with. According to Prof Rekha Arunkumar, Credit risk is the ol dest and biggest risk that a bank can faced and by virtue of its very nature of the business inherits. Component of Credit risk According to Wikipedia, Credit risk Consist of type of risk mainly: Credit default risk Concentration risk Country risk Credit default risk refers to the risk of loss arising from a debtor being unlikely to pay its loan obligations in full or the debtor is more than 90 days past due on any material credit obligation; default risk may impact all credit-sensitive transactions, including loans, securities and derivatives. Secondly we have concentration risk; it is associated with any single exposure or group of exposures with the potential to produce large enough losses to threaten a banks core operations. It may arise in the form of single name concentration or industry concentration. Finally, we have country risk which is associated with the loss arising from a sovereign state freezing foreign currency payments (transfer/conversion risk) or when it defaults on its obligations (sovereign risk). Our next section, we would look at how the different banks manage credit ri sk. This is the core idea of this study. Credit risk Management in the Banking Sector Banks earn the core of their income from the differences in the interest rate they set for deposits and loans. As such, lending has always been an integral function for banks. In order to set the appropriate rate, the banks have to assess the credit worthiness of the borrowers. (Andrew Fight, 2004). The banks are in an obligation to set appropriate rate to be able to compensate for the default amount in order to maximize its profit. In order to be competitive, the banks have to conduct an adequate credit risk management framework. This particular framework would help them be in a better position to cope with the difference problems attached to credit risk. According to a search, credit risk takes about 70% and 30% remaining is shared between the other two primary, that is, Market risk and operational risk. Banks can reduce their credit exposure by applying to the following credit risk management principles. The following principles are identified by Fredrick S. Mishkin: Screenin g and Monitoring: It mainly refers to adverse selection which occurs when a bank cannot differentiate between good payers and bad payers. The banks should have some background works on the client and if the loan has been approved, the bank should monitor the borrowers activities. According to Diamond (1984, 1991, 1996), screening and monitoring of loan takers are important functions to banks. According to DellAriccia, Igan and Laeven (2008), before the financial crisis of 2007-2009, banks had reduced their strictness on their monitoring and screening standard. Keys, Mukherjee, Seru and Vig (2010) and Milan and Sufi (2009) have indicated that securitization has somehome reduced the incentives of US mortgage lenders to properly screen borrowers. It can be noted in the beginning of the financial crisis that, banks have improve their screening and monitoring standards, improving their retention rates( according to Wikipedia, retention rates is the ratio of the number of retained cust omers to the number at risk). Long term Customer Relationship: If the particular client have previously deal with the banks, the banks would be in a better position know whether the client is a good or bad credit. This would definitely reduce the cost of information. According to TIBEBU TEFERA (June 2011), long- term relationship enables banks to deal with even unanticipated moral hazard contingencies. According to Galbreath and Rogers (1999), CRM can be described as activities a business performs to identify, qualify, acquire, develop and retain increasingly loyal and profitable customers by delivering the right product or service, to the right customer, through the right channel, at the right time and the right cost. . (according to Ernst Young February 2010). According to a survey in France, 35% of customer has changed banks due to bad services. (Ernst Young February 2010). In another survey, 46% of current level of personal relationship as either bad or limited. Uk 12 pe r cent, Italy 13% and 40% Spanish customers. (Ernst Young February 2010). According to Ivana Domazet, Jovan Zubovic and Marko Jelocnik (2010) has indicated that the two main determinants of the success in the investment banking sector are: customer satisfaction and product quality. As, the customers in the banking sector are well educated about the market, therefore, they are not loyal about any particular brand. Collateral Requirements: According to investopedia, collateral is a property or other assets that a borrower offers a lender to securing a loan. If the borrower stops payment, the lender can seize the collateral to recoup its losses. As such, it can be considered an important tool as it pressures the borrower to meet the demand of the loan contracts. According to J. Peltoniemi (2007), good borrowers quality is associated with higher collateral requirements. In European countries, Davydenko and Franks (2004) concluded that 75.7% of firm loans in France, 88.5% in Germa ny are secured and Gonas et al (2004) argued that 73% loans are secured in US firm loans. According to GreenBaunm and Thakor (1995), First, collateral allows a reduction of the loan loss for the bank in the event of the default of the loan and secondly, collateral helps to solve the problem of adverse selection borne by the bank when lending, as it constitutes a signalling instrument providing some valuable information to the bank. I would like to analyse these particular relationship in my future analysis. Credit Rationing According to (Frederick S.Mishkin, 2004, pp 217-220) it is one way of credit risk management that refers refusing to make loans even though borrowers are willing to pay the stated interest rate or even a higher rate. Diamond (1984), Williamson (1986) and Krasa and Vilamil (1992) concluded that banks success lied in their ability to analyse economies of scope in performing monitoring of borrowers on behalf of lenders. For Thilo Pausch (February 2005), banks have a well-diversified loan portfolio which help them reduced the credit risk. It can be noted that credit rationing is can be considered an important tools for credit management. According to the various researchers mention above, if a bank is able to understand all these concepts, they would be in a better place to control credit risk. Some other principles are listed below: Credit rating agencies Many debt securities are assigned by credit rating agencies. The most common credit agencies S Ps and Moodys. This categorization would obviously facilitate the institution to judge the securities but they should also carry their own classification. Example of classification by moodys are as follows: Moodys S Ps Aaa Aa1 Aa2 Aa3 A1 A2 A3 Baa1 Baa2 Baa3 INVESTMENT GRADE AAA AA+ AA AA- A+ A A- BBB+ BBB BBB- Ba1 Ba2 Ba3 B1 B2 B3 Caa1 Caa Caa3 Ca C HIGH YIELD BB+ BB BB- B+ B B- CCC+ CCC CCC- CC C D Banks use credit ratings as proxies for the quality of collateral. (Jens Hilscher and Mungo Wilson January 2012). The main idea behind these classifications according to Jens Hilscher and Mungo Wilson is that, the credit ratings are thought to provide information about the likelihood of default and other forms of corporate failure. It can be noted that, credit rating in the banking sector are considered an important tools. According to Fitch IBCA views, a companys performance and financial stability, the risks to its operations and the degree of any external support is summarized in a given rating. Loan loss provision The institution should have provided a specific amount of reserve for the obvious losses based on their analysis of the borrowers creditworthiness. The provision which concerned mainly the loan is considered as specific loan (Hong kong Monetary Authority May 1999). As such, the bank would be able to bear the loss of certain loan losses. The bank should also provide a provision for the unexpected losses. These provisions are categories as general provision. Generally, all banks consist of a system of establishment of proper provision. All establishments have their own ways of establishing their own institution provision scheme. According to a Hong Kong Monetary Authority May 1999, the loan provision should be based on the assessment of the recoverability of individual loans or portfolios of loan with similar characteristics. Therefore, it is essential to hedge against credit risk. Risk Processing According to STANDARD POORS the appropriate step should be as follows: Set Credit Objectives and responsibilities Set credit risk Guidelines Collect credit Data Measure Credit Risk Make credit Decisions Monitor Credit Performance Allocate Credit Capital It be noted that the formula for calculation of expected loss are: Expected loss = Probability of default * loss given default (Bank of international settlement 2001) According to Standard poors if any institution follows these criteria they would be in a better place to understand credit risk management. Credit risk processing takes into consideration many internal and external factors of an organization. ( Oesterreichische Nationalbank (OeNB, 2004). This thorough assessment would help the bank to anticipate credit risk more adequately. Credit Culture According to Thomas H.McManus, Senior Examiner (SRC insights: first quarter 2004), a credit culture is the sum of all the characteristics of an organizations unique behaviour in its extension of credit. Another definition can be Credit culture embraces all the factors that bear on credit extension, credit quality and recurrent cyclical patterns and sequences. (Mueller 1995, pp.41). The credit culture of banks also has implications for the smooth transmission of monetary policy as its effectiveness in manipulating movements in lending rates may be diluted if the credit cultures of banks are not driven by prices. (Anthony Birchwood, University of the westIndies, stAuugustine Campus). According to Dam Dan Luy (2010), credit culture encompasses attitudes, perception, behaviours, styles and beliefs that are conducted and practiced throughout the credit organization as a result of management attitudes towards credit risks. As such, credit culture can be considered as an important aspect of credit risk management. Credit culture is considered as the cement that fixes the credit process and forms the foundation for credit discipline. Credit Culture at Goldman Sachs (Risk Management and credit Lending by Prof Albert Ip, December 15 2011) Sophisticated, detailed understanding of risks by senior management Culture of over communication Escalation, Escalation, Escalation Co-option of business unit professionals into risk Management Accountability Long history of Promoting risk Managers Intolerant of lack of control focus Learn from past mistakes To conclude, it can be noted that, there are a variety of risk management framework even though it is impossible to completely eradicate credit risk from the banking sector. In my future research work, I would like to test, if in our local banking system, does the banks have any particular type of credit risk management framework and whether it helps to reduce the credit risk and increase the profitability of the bank. Basel Framework History The first Capital Accord was introduced in 1988. The capital accord was created from the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. It was a committee of banking supervisory authorities of the G-10 countries. Their main objectives were to establish a framework for bank supervision with a view to strengthen the stability of financial institutions in general and banks in particular. According to the Bank for international settlements (Aug 2009), the committee provides a forum for regular cooperation between its member countries on banking supervisory matters. It seek to achieve these objectives via 3 ways, mainly, by exchanging information on national supervisory arrangements, by improving the effectiveness of techniques for supervising international banking business and by setting minimum supervisory standard in areas where they are considered desirable. (Bank for international settlements (Aug 2009)). The main aspect of the Basel accord 1988 was the minimum capital ratio of capital to risk-weighted assets of 8 per cent by end-1992. The framework has reached practically all countries with an international active bank. The accord was built to be continuously improved to the demand of the world economy. In November 1991, it was amended to give a greater precision to the definition of those general provisions or general loan-loss reserves which could be included in capital for purposes of calculating capital adequacy. (Bank for international settlements (Aug 2009)). There was another amendment taking effect at the end of 1995, to recognise the effects of bilateral netting of banks credit exposures in derivative products and to expand the matric of add on factors. In 1996, there was a amendment concerning market risk. In 1999, there was a new proposal for a new capital adequacy framework to replace the 1988 accord and released in 26 June 2004. It contains three important aspects mainly: minimum capital requirements, supervisory review of an institutions ca pital adequacy and internal assessment process and effective use of disclosure as a lever to strengthen market discipline and encourage safe and sound banking practices. (Bank for international settlements (Aug 2009)). In July 2009, the Basel committee has decided to create the Basel 3 in order to face the changing business industry we live in. How to manage Credit risk under the Basel Framework? Basel framework has pointed out four specific steps in order to manage credit risk (Basel Committee on Banking Supervision September 2000): Establishing an appropriate credit environment Operating under a sound credit granting process Maintaining an appropriate Credit administration, measurement and monitoring process Ensuring adequate controls over credit risk. Establishing an appropriate credit risk environment Principle 1: The board of directors should have responsibility for approving and periodically (at least annually) reviewing the credit risk strategy and significant credit risk policies of the bank. The strategy should reflect the banks tolerance for risk and the level of profitability the bank expects to achieve for incurring various credit risks. Principle 2: Senior management should have responsibility for implementing the credit risk strategy approved by the board of directors and for developing policies and procedures for identifying, measuring, m onitoring and controlling credit risk. Such policies and procedures should address credit risk in all of the banks activities and at both the individual credit and portfolio levels. Principle 3: Banks should identify and manage credit risk inherent in all products and activities. Banks should ensure that the risks of products and activities new to them are subject to adequate risk management procedures and controls before being introduced or undertaken, and approved in advance by the board of directors or its appropriate committee. Operating under a sound credit granting process Principle 4: Banks must operate within sound, well-defined credit-granting criteria. These criteria should include a clear indication of the banks target market and a thorough understanding of the borrower or counterparty, as well as the purpose and structure of the credit, and its source of repayment. Principle 5: Banks should establish overall credit limits at the level of individual borrowers and counterparties, and groups of connected counterparties that aggregate in a comparable and meaningful manner different types of exposures, both in the banking and trading book and on and off the balance sheet. Principle 6: Banks should have a clearly-established process in place for approving new credits as well as the amendment, renewal and re-financing of existing credits. Principle 7: All extensions of credit must be made on an arms-length basis. In particular, credits to related companies and individuals must be authorized on an exception basis, monitored with particular care and other appropriate steps taken to control or mitigate the risks of non-arms length lending. Maintaining an appropriate credit administration, measurement and monitoring process Principle 8: Banks should have in place a system for the ongoing administration of their various credit risk-bearing portfolios. Principle 9: Banks must have in place a system for monitoring the condition of indi vidual credits, including determining the adequacy of provisions and reserves. Principle 10: Banks are encouraged to develop and utilise an internal risk rating system in managing credit risk. The rating system should be consistent with the nature, size and complexity of a banks activities. Principle 11: Banks must have information systems and analytical techniques that enable management to measure the credit risk inherent in all on- and off-balance sheet activities. The management information system should provide adequate information on the composition of the credit portfolio, including identification of any concentrations of risk. Principle 12: Banks must have in place a system for monitoring the overall composition and quality of the credit portfolio. Principle 13: Banks should take into consideration potential future changes in economic conditions when assessing individual credits and their credit portfolios, and should assess their credit risk exposures under stres sful conditions. Ensuring adequate controls over credit risk Principle 14: Banks must establish a system of independent, ongoing assessment of the banks credit risk management processes and the results of such reviews should be communicated directly to the board of directors and senior management. Principle 15: Banks must ensure that the credit-granting function is being properly managed and that credit exposures are within levels consistent with prudential standards and internal limits. Banks should establish and enforce internal controls and other practices to ensure that exceptions to policies, procedures and limits are reported in a timely manner to the appropriate level of management for action. Principle 16: Banks must have a system in place for early remedial action on deteriorating credits, managing problem credits and similar workout situations. The role of supervisors Principle 17: Supervisors should require that banks have an effective system in place to identify measure, monitor and control credit risk as part of an overall approach to risk management. Supervisors should conduct an independent evaluation of a banks strategies, policies, procedures and practices related to the granting of credit and the ongoing management of the portfolio. Supervisors should consider setting prudential limits to restrict bank exposures to single borrowers or groups of connected counterparties. Guideline on Credit risk Management according to Bank of Mauritius The Guideline was issued by the bank of Mauritius for two main purposes. Firstly, it set out the responsibilities and accountabilities of the board of directors and management in credit management and secondly, it outlines the processes to be used in Managing the credit activity in a financial institution. Establishment credit risk policy Ensure credit risk policy is accepted by the board of directors Ensure credit risk policy is accepted by chief executive officer Conduct review and risk policy Committee Credit processing/Appraisal Credit Approval/Sanction Credit Documentation Credit Administration Disbursement Monitoring and control of individual credits Monitoring the overall credit portfolio (stress testing) Credit Classification Managing problem credits/recovery

Hannah Hjerth . Schroder. English Iv Honors. 8 December

Hannah Hjerth Schroder English IV Honors 8 December 2016 Women’s Themes in Frankenstein Mary Shelley, the author of Frankenstein, had been raised by strong women’s rights advocates, which makes her characterization of the women in her story a wildly controversial discussion topic even all these years later. Mary Shelley’s philosopher father paid for her high education, and her mother wrote several works about equality for women. She lived a substantially progressive lifestyle, considering the time period in which she lived. This has raised many questions regarding the weak female characters in her story, due to her own very contrasting beliefs. The female characters in Frankenstein serve as symbols of gentleness and comfort to the males†¦show more content†¦Upon the death of her mother, the Frankenstein family adopted Justine Moritz as the housekeeper of their home. The narrative describes her as the most grateful little creature in the world; as well as very clever and gentle, and extremely pretty (6.7-8). Her character does not ever really develop beyond that. Like all the females in the story, the story describes her as a mild and gentle girl who enjoys serving the household, much fitting the idea of a perfect woman j. Unfortunately, she falls victim to the Creature’s rampage against Frankenstein when he wrongly frames her for the murder of William. Even when being fatally accused of a crime she did not commit, she testifies in a very passive manner; â€Å"God knows how entirely I am innocent. But I do not pretend that my protestations should acquit me; I rest my innocence on a plain and simple explanati on of the facts†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (65). Eventually, a Catholic priest convinces her to confess to the murder, threatening damnation to Hell if she refuses. She has no way to fight for her innocence, especially since no man stood up for her, rendering her powerless. They eventually execute Justine. The execution of Justine demonstrated a double standard in the story. Elizabeth testified for her innocence, but was unable to stop the execution. Later on, when convicted for the murder of his best friend, they acquitted Victor of the crime, even

Diversity in Law Enforcement the Report Free Essays

The Everly Police Department is facing a problem in which there is not an policy or procedure in which complaints from the newly formed Diversity Complaint Bureau can follow to resolve the complaints that are being submitted. Analysis Recently a report was made public by the Minority Police Officers Organization regarding the lack of diversity within the Everly Police Department. Results detailed the fact the Everly Police Department is a male dominated and paramilitary force and it has not taken any steps in order to promote or celebrate it. We will write a custom essay sample on Diversity in Law Enforcement: the Report or any similar topic only for you Order Now Numbers show that the majority of all force members are white males, with the minority being women, Hispanics, African-Americans and Asians. Since this report was made public the newly appointed assistant superintendant of public for administration, Linda Michaelson, has been given the role of damage controller in order to reverse the results of the report and show the public that the Everly Police Department is diverse and that they have the right procedures in place for employees to submit their complaints regarding diversity in the department. Linda started by formulating a plan for a new bureau within the Internal Affairs Bureau called Diversity Complaints. This plan was approved by both the superintendant and the city council and was put into action. The plan brought forward some hesitation from both mid-level field-commanders and union representative as they felt as if someone was always going to be looking over their work and it was not approved into agreements by union officials. The plan was put into action anyway and proved to be successful with 7 complaints submitted within the first month. Complaints are submitted by forms which can be accessed through a variety of sources, including electronically (on-line) and hardcopy (a copy mailed to each employee, and located visibly in all departments). Once a form is complete, it is submitted via email or regular post. From a complete formal complaint, an internal affairs detective would investigate it and form a reasonable resolution. Linda suggested that the ending resolution of a complaint could come in the form of sensitivity training to employees or possible position dismissal of employees involved. Once a resolution has been reached the complaining employee would be contacted. With seven complaints in one month, reviewed and investigated, Linda and her fellow diversity bureau employees had one more step to take and that was to resolve the complaints in fashion in which all parties involved would be disciplined, should the complaint be legitimate after the complaint was investigated. This is where Linda was stumped. Linda needs to formulate a guideline for the Diversity Bureau to follow once a complaints investigation is complete. The guidelines must be fair to the parties involved. Another problem is that each complaint is going to be different so it is going to hard to set a resolution for each and every complaint that may be submitted. Individual(s) Linda Michaelson has been with the Everly Police Department for 22 years and was the key player in the making of the ‘Hostile Work Environment’ report and implementation process of a new bureau within the Internal Affairs Bureau called ‘Diversity Complaint’ within the department. She like most started off as a patrol officer and moved her way up into higher positions within the department. According to the case however, these moves up did not come easily without critism and judgement from other officers, as she was a female in a male dominated field of work. Her positions have included being a patrol officer, a public school safety officer, a contact for the detective bureau and most recently an assistant superintendent of police for administration. Linda’s father was a retired sergeant with the Everly Police Department and always gave Linda advice on how to overcome the biases of her gender in the department. He also was her greatest supporter of following her dreams to keep moving up. He gave advice saying ‘to be the best at what she did’. As now the assistant superintendant of police for administration, one of Linda’s roles was to manage the results of the recently released report, paid for by the Minority Police Officers Organization, on the diversity within the Everly Police Department which came back as quite damaging to the force. Linda was told that her job was to do the damage control for the results. Linda was able to relate and react to some of the complaints being issued and brought forward by fellow department employees as she too has been the subject to gender and sexual harassment in the workforce and has seen others be subject to the same. Linda was influenced by her father to succeed and move higher in the force if she wished to do so. As woman in the male dominated career field she knew it would not be easy and her father was the one who gave her advice on how to proceed, especially if someone got in her way and told her she could not do it, or gave her difficultly doing what she has wanted. Linda knew that even though she was a woman, there was no job within the department that a man could do better than her. With these thoughts she proceeded to move up and not letting anyone get in her way. I believe that the Everly Police Department could have indeed avoided the situation in which they have now found themselves in. Should the Everly Police Department had done something, whether it be their own research, changes with time and the changing workforce in their in existing policies and procedures for complaints, they would not be in such a reputation damaging situation. With the new formation and implementation of a Diversity Complaint bureau within the Internal Affairs Bureau, Linda hope to achieve an easier, more effective and trusting way for employees to have their complaints and biases heard. She also wishes to achieve effective ways to respond and actions to take when dealing with the complaints; a way that the incidents will be resolved and a way that will ensure that they will not happen again. Linda can justify feeling the way she does about the need of this new bureau to be formed in the Everly Police Department as she has been the subject first hand to workplace harassment and the hesitance that many people feel when making a complaint to the superintendant or union member. Linda’s passion to create a diversity complaint bureau that all employees can submit a complaint(s) to without judgement and fear of the complaint being thrown out or not resolved is very much present. This new venture will make all employees, minority or majority, feel a lot more comfortable and place more trust on the organization should there be a procedure in which results and implications are being made. I do not believe that there is another explanation for the current situation in which the Everly Police Department is in. They clearly have an issue of corruption in the complaints department that has now made employees scared, anxious and uncomfortable at their place of work, which is clearly not acceptable. Until this time, there was no talk of trying to fix the issues that they have in regards to diversity within the organization or the policies and procedures for employees to follow to submit complaints. Organization The Everly Police Department has found themselves to now have a very bad public image and bad reputation for being un-diversified. The department never took upon themselves to look into and hire an outside source to research the diversity within the department. Now, an outside organization called the Minority Police Officers Organization has completed that task and has released the results to the public through many media sources. In having these results published severe damage has been done to the department. It shows them to be a male dominated, paramilitary organization, in which has no ability to integrate minorities. The department has also never considered the re-vamping or the new creation of a way for employees to submit complaints in confidence, knowing that action will be reached and not thrown out because of corruption within the complaint process. The department may have also found themselves to be in this predicament as they have never approached employees on the states of the program that they have in place now. They do not know how employees feel about the processes that are in place now and whether or not employees are feeling that the complaints are being adequately resolved and are not reoccurring. Within the Everly Police Department there has been no recent change in the policies and procedures that employees must take to submit a complaint. For years complaints were to be submitted to the superintendant or to a union representative. They then were suppose to take the complaints and resolve the issue at hand. Many times, as stated in the case, these complaints were disregarded as the superintendent or union representative said that the complaint was not legitimate and that the older employees are still adhering to policies from 20 years ago, the one that they were used to. The external environment is pushing the Everly Police Department to change it values. The department is stuck on values that were established 20 plus years ago. The generation that is now being employed is a generation that wants values where everyone is accepted, where there is no discrimination in the hiring process, and where harassment amongst co-workers in any form is not tolerated. In today society many people of all races, ethnic backgrounds, and religions are entering the workforce and are determined to be treated as an equal. There is no explanation or reason why they should not be, they are the same as everyone else and can perform the same tasks no matter what their gender, race, ethnic background or religious beliefs, and the pressure is high for organizations to conform to these societal expectations. External organizations have now gone as far as pursuing their own research studies into the values, policies and procedures of the police department and are publicising reports that are being proven to be very damaging to the department. The present situation could have been prevented if the Everly Police Department’s structure and policies had been different. Should the structure and policies have been updated and revamped with the newer values of the new generation of employees and older employees educated on the ways why they should also open their minds to change, I do believe that the report that the Minority Police Offers Organization has publicised would not have been so damaging. The Everly Police Department has made the right decision in regards to the damage control of the report that was made public. It has taken the right steps in asking Linda to create and implement the new bureau for diversity complaints. Although this move has been long overdue and the reputation of the Everly Police Department has been given a bad name, I believe that it was the push that they needed. This new bureau has already shown to be successful as within one month seven complaints have already been submitted. Now, Linda and the diversity complaint bureau must work together in order to form the right set of procedures that will allow for all complaints to be resolved and limit the complaints on the same action in the future. How to cite Diversity in Law Enforcement: the Report, Essay examples

Significance of Service Encounters-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Service Encounters. Answer: Introduction The customers experience has an impact on any given service industry. The first impression or experience a customer gets decides the success and future of the brand. Generally, various brands are judged on the basis of service encounters and instances when the customers interact with the company (Chang, Chen Lan, 2013). This being said, the service organizations should improve or find new ways of pleasing the customers. This is important especially in cases where the service company interacts with the customers. Moreover, the company should take advantage of this ideal opportunity and ensure the customers are impacted positively. This paper focuses on the impact of services in the hotel industry by taking a look at Hotel Pacific in Australia. Also, this paper will explain how service encounters impact the operations of a business and how the management can get involved. Service encounters may be described as a set of emotions displayed by customers after judging the service quality of a given company. The customers make the judgments based on their experiences and how they are handled. Proper management of several factors translates to customer satisfaction and eventual business success. Significance of Service Encounters There are various processes a customer has to go through when checking in at a hotel or any other service industry. The flow chat shows the various stages in details. In some of these processes, the customer has to get directly involved while in some the customer is not directly involved. In both cases, the management has to be effective and ensure that the services they give to their customers are the best in the market (Coelho Henseler, 2012). The managers have to make sure that their services are well-designed and capable of putting a smile on the customers faces immediately they enter the hotel premises. The emotional feelings that customers express after service experience determine whether the service was satisfactory or not. Therefore, the management has to work extra hard to satisfy the customers. For instance, the customers in a hotel should be engaged and entertained while they wait to be attended to. This will help to ensure that the customers will not develop a negative attitude towards the hotel and the environment. Many hotels have a variety of entertainment options such as magazines, pamphlets, and television sets. This also helps the organization to identify various ways they can engage and keep their customers entertained. The management also has to put into consideration the duration effect. The customer should be made aware of the various operations in the hotel which include the room service, dinner, and the rules to be followed during their stay. Another area of interest that is likely to affect the satisfaction of customers is the level of control that the customers have in the process. For instance, the hotel management can create an option which will enable the clients to book their room online. This will improve the efficiency of the whole process and save a lot of time which would have been lost in the process. Therefore, the level of a customers satisfaction is directly determined by the control he or she has in the process. However, this does not apply to the internal systems which do not directly involve the customer. In these cases, fairness, professionalism, and justice have to be ensured in the process so that the clients can feel a sense of engagement (Wilson, Zeithaml, Bitner Gremler, 2012). Service encounters should help a business understand what customers need. The business should also see this as an ideal platform to get feedback from the clients and make the necessary amendments if needed. Managerial Implications As stated above, the service company should see the service encounters as an opportunity to please the customers and ensure they leave the premises satisfied. Evidently, service encounters are judged by many qualitative factors. The service encounters and the managerial implications have a direct effect on the ROI since they influence the type of brand that a customer chooses (Sirianni, Bitner, Brown Mandel, 2013). This is evident especially in the hotel industry where customers are very selective and demand high-quality services. In the modern hotels, the facilities and infrastructure are the same; it is only the services that differ. The management should focus more on the service psychology when conducting their business activities since this will enhance the service encounters. The management should identify the various processes and interactions the customers have to go through during their stay in the hotel and identify the processes that may affect the customer negatively (Wi rtz, 2012). The management also needs to improve the hotels operations so that the customers are enlightened about the complete process, the various steps, and the duration (Wirtz, 2012). This will help in improving the satisfaction of the customers and also reduce the ambiguity of the whole process. Moreover, the hotel will reduce losses since the reworks are far less in the absence of ambiguity. It is also important for the hotel to utilize these experiences maximally by selling the various services offered. Most organizations have not been able to develop a system which can enable them to manage and cope with the demand and supply needs. Therefore, the hotel can apply a psychological approach which will help in meeting the needs (Prentice King, 2013). This will increase the customer satisfaction who will in turn not hesitate to refer their friends. Additionally, the brand of the hotel will be improved and more clients will be willing to taste the services offered. The management should also consider the internal operations which do not directly involve the customers. Though the customers are not directly involved in these processes, they are quite essential for the smooth running of the hotel and also impact the customers satisfaction (Mudie Pirrie, 2012). The modern hotels and other businesses are spending fortunes advertising their services and brands on various media p latforms (Verhagen, Van Nes, Feldberg Van Dolen, 2014). However, this might not be necessary if they offer quality and satisfactory services. If their services are right, then they will get more long-term clients with minimal costs References Chang, C. S., Chen, S. Y., Lan, Y. T. (2013). 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